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Home My WebLink AboutForestry & Parks Committee - Agenda - 1/8/2024Forestry & Parks Department 117 East Fifth Street - P.O. Box 445 - Washburn, WI 54891 Phone: 715-373-6114 - Fax: 715-373-0114 forestry@bayfieldcounty.wi.gov January 2, 2024 Bayfield County Forestry and Parks Committee Meeting Agenda Fred Strand (Chair) Steve Sandstrom Charly Ray Jeff Silbert (Vice-Chair) Larry Fickbohm The Bayfield County Forestry and Parks Committee will meet on Monday, January 8, 2024 at 6:00 p.m. in the County Board Room of the Courthouse in Washburn, Wisconsin. This meeting will be held in- person. The agenda for this meeting is as follows: 1. Call to Order. 2. Public Comment – Limited to 3 minutes per person. 30 minutes total. 3. Approval of the November 13, 2023 Meeting Minutes. 4. Presentation: Erika Lang, Conservation Manager, Landmark Conservancy. Discussion regarding a presentation by Landmark Conservancy on the following separate topics: a. Land Acquisition: Roughly 860 acres adjacent to the Iron River in the Town of Orienta. b. Land Acquisition: Roughly 160 acres within the headwaters of the North Fork of Whittlesey Creek in the Town of Barksdale. c. Brownstone Trail Project: FEMA Grant application. 5. Resolution: Supporting the acquisition of roughly 860 acres adjacent to the Iron River in the Town of Orienta, including the potential transfer of ownership and management responsibilities to Bayfield County. 6. Resolution: Supporting the acquisition of roughly 160 acres within the headwaters of the North Fork of Whittlesey Creek in the Town of Barksdale, including the potential transfer of ownership and management responsibilities to Bayfield County. 7. Resolution: Supporting a FEMA grant application for improvements to the Brownstone Trail in the Town of Bayfield. 8. Big Rock Campground Sign Contest. Discussion and possible action regarding the contest and the selection of the winning entry. 9. Monthly Reports. Discussion of general activities, events, issues and accomplishments. Possible action on the report(s) only. January 20, 2021 Bayfield County Forestry & Parks Committee January 8, 2024 Meeting Agenda Page 2 of 2 a) Forestry (all updates): a. 2023 Budget. b. Carbon Project. c. Land Acquisition Projects. d. DNR ARPA Grant. e. Enbridge EcoFootprint Grant. f. State Natural Area Designations. b) Campgrounds and Day Use Parks (update). a. Pigeon Lake c) Trails and Recreation (all updates): a. Motorized Trails. i. Snowmobile Trail Bridge Repair and Inventory b. Non-Motorized Trails. c. Yurts. d. Events. 10. 2023 Budget Amendment. Discussion and possible action regarding end of year amendments to the 2023 Forestry and Parks Department operating budget. 11. Sand River Headwaters Community Forest Management Plan. Discussion and possible action regarding the plan. 12. 2024 Annual Work Plan. Discussion and possible action regarding the 2024 Forestry and Parks Department annual work plan. 13. Event Request. Nikk Adams, Trail Life, LLC. Discussion and possible action regarding a request to host a trail running event on July 20, 2024, on portions of the North Country Trail, in the Town of Hughes. 14. Committee Members Discussion. Discussion regarding matters of the Forestry and Parks Department. 15. Joseph LeBouton, DNR Representative, Comments. Any person wishing to attend who, because of a disability, requires special accommodations, should contact the Forestry and Parks Department office at 715-373-6114 at least 24 hours before the scheduled meeting time, so appropriate arrangements can be made. Cc: Bayfield County Forestry & Parks Committee Members Matt Blaylock, DNR Area Leader Eric Sirrine, DNR Team Leader Joseph LeBouton, DNR Liaison Mark Abeles-Allison, County Administrator The Daily Press 1 Forestry and Parks Committee Report January 2024 4. Presentation: Erika Lang, Landmark Conservancy. Erika will be present at the meeting to discuss the following projects: a. Iron River Land Acquisition. This is the roughly 860 acre property located north of Iron River in the Town of Orienta. It contains frontage on the Iron River, the East Fork of the Iron River and a significant amount of Resch Creek. Also various tributaries to each. This property also connects directly to roughly 1,000 acres of DNR fisheries land. We’ve discussed this project numerous times over the past 6 months. For the acquisition, Landmark would be applying for a Stewardship grant, under their name. We would apply for a USFS Community Forest grant, with a significant level of assistance from Landmark. We received a Community Forest grant for the Sand River acquisition, so are very familiar with the requirements (if awarded). Each grant would be for roughly half of the final purchase price, which is expected to be a little under $1.2 million. The current landowners would also likely consider a bargain sale, which would slightly lower the final cost. Erika will be asking for county support, primarily as it pertains to their Stewardship grant application. But also as it applies to our application for the Community Forests grant. If successful, and full funding is secured, Landmark would facilitate the closing, which would include the transfer of full ownership to the county. The county would then be responsible for the management of the property, which would include maintaining a stand alone management plan (for the community forest, if awarded) and complying with the terms of each grant. I’d recommend this property be enrolled in CFL, which would require a modification to the blocking boundaries. While this parcel is a few miles west of the closest area of county forest, it would form a nice new block and connect to existing DNR lands. Essentially doubling the amount of public land in an area generally devoid of such lands. But all of this would be done in a separate resolution, at a later date, if full funding has been secured. If successful, I’d expect closing to occur in late 2024. b. Whittlesey Creek Acquisition. This is the roughly 160 acre property located in the Town of Barksdale. We’ve also discussed this one numerous times previously. It contains the headwaters of the North Fork of Whittlesey Creek. While this parcel is technically not a high priority for the county, it has been identified as such for Landmark, primarily due to the high conservation value of Whittlesey Creek. Bayfield County and Landmark Conservancy have developed a very strong partnership over the past decade and share similar conservation values and visions. One of the primary funding sources for this parcel would likely be a grant from WI Coastal. Non-profits are not eligible to participate in the Coastal program, so applications generally are the responsibility of local units of government. Landmark is also applying for a Stewardship grant and are asking for county support. Similar to the Iron River project, if successful, Landmark is also asking the county to own 2 and manage the property (which would be a requirement if awarded a Coastal grant). We (Landmark, but under our name) have already applied for the Coastal grant, with a significant level of assistance from Landmark, as that deadline was late last year. If Landmark is successful in securing full funding (expected to be around $180,000), they would facilitate closing and, if supported by the county, transfer the ownership and management responsibilities to the county. This is a much smaller block in an area with no county forests nearby, though very close to federal lands. This property might be better as being just county owned, without entry in CFL. But we’d have some time to discuss the pros and cons of each. Since we wouldn’t be able to divest of these lands (contingency of the grants), it would likely be best to enroll in CFL, which would also require a modification to the blocking boundaries. As part the CF program, Barksdale would receive at least some compensation. c. Brownstone Trail FEMA Grant. Landmark is also in the process of applying for a sizeable, roughly $1.2 million FEMA grant to help fund the various planned restoration and repair activities on the Brownstone Trail and surrounding property. As per the MOU with Landmark, they have committed to taking a lead role on facilitating the necessary repairs to the property, including applying for grants and pursuing other sources of funding. Non- profits are not eligible applicants for this FEMA grant, so ultimately it would need to be submitted by the county. But Landmark would do all of the heavy lifting with regards to the grant application. This is a nationally competitive grant. As such, it’s unclear the chances of success, with the anticipation that competition with other coastal projects across the nation will be very strong. 5. Resolution: Supporting the Iron River Project. This project aligns well with our mission and program. Landmark would prioritize securing all the funds needed to complete the acquisition. We would need to apply for the Community Forests grant, but the application would be completed primarily by Landmark. If successful, ownership and management responsibilities would then transfer to the county. When combined with the adjacent DNR lands to the north, this would create a nearly 2,000 acre block of public land in an area generally lacking such lands (in large, contiguous blocks). And this project would strengthen an already strong partnership with Landmark. Attached is the draft resolution. I recommend approval. 6. Resolution: Supporting the Whittlesey Creek Project. For many of the same reasons stated above, we share a similar mission and vision with Landmark. The project would protect a property with high conservation/natural resource values. Landmark would do all of the heavy lifting with regards to securing full funding. We would need to apply for the Coastal grant (and already have), but Landmark completed the application. Attached is the draft resolution. I recommend approval. 7. Resolution: Supporting a FEMA Grant Application for the Brownstone Trail. The county now owns this property. As per the MOU with Landmark, we are both committed to restoring the bank, improving the trail and establishing a community park on the property. Landmark is committed to taking a lead role on facilitating the necessary repair work, which includes securing all of the required funding. Non-profits are not eligible applicants for these FEMA funds. Landmark would 3 complete this $1.2 million grant application, on our behalf, but we would be the applicant of record. If awarded, this would cover roughly half of the estimated costs of repair. We have already secured a $200k LUG grant and Landmark has prioritized efforts to find the remaining funds. I should have the draft resolution available for review by Friday. I recommend approval. 8. Big Rock Campground Sign Contest. We had a total of 5 entries for the new sign at the corner of Highway C and Big Rock Rd. We met as a team yesterday and selected the top three picks. And reached out to the unanimous first choice to ask for a few minor modifications. Assuming those changes are/can be made, we should be ready to make our recommendation to the Committee during the meeting on Monday. 9. Monthly Reports. a. Forestry We’ve been working with the Sheriff’s Dept on some illegal birch pole harvesting in the peninsula. The illegal cutting of birch saplings is, unfortunately, a somewhat common occurrence leading up to the holiday season. Especially when the prices paid for decorative birch products is strong (like it has been over the past few years). a) 2023 Budget. Stumpage returns were slightly above average in December at just over $267k. The final stumpage revenue for CY23 was just over $3.542 million. The stumpage surplus will be right around $267k. When including other grants and revenues that were received over the year, total program revenues will end up roughly $400k over budget. There are a few outstanding expenses that will still be applied to 2023 (e.g. the 10% payment to the towns), but we should finish slightly under budget on total program expenses. When considering the surplus revenue with the overall savings in expenses, the net return to the general fund should be about $450k over budget. There will be some expense accounts that need to be amended e.g. snowmobile supplemental payment and 10% to the towns. This will be addressed as part of the standard end of year budget amendment item below. b) Carbon Project. We continue to work with ANEW on ways to improve our project, especially while in the midst of a very poor voluntary market. But, otherwise, nothing new to report. c) Land Acquisition Projects. Had some preliminary conversations with Bluesource (now called Aurora Sustainable Lands) regarding some of their recent acquisitions in this county (former Forestland Group properties). Very preliminary discussions. May have more information to share during the meeting. d) DNR ARPA Grant. All of the necessary materials have been submitted and accepted by the DNR. We are now in the process of submitting the final reimbursement request for the Bark River acquisition. As such, the anticipated reimbursement for that project is expected to be just under $1.033 million. Once received, the balance of the ARPA grant would be around $267k and would need to be used by the end of CY2024. An appraisal would be required of any new acquisition project where the ARPA funds would be used. Due to the hard 4 deadline, it will be important to identify an eligible acquisition by the end of Q1 or early Q2. e) Enbridge EcoFootprint Grant. We were successful in receiving a $50k grant for the purchase of the roller chopper. This grant, combined with $16k in other funding was enough to move forward with the purchase of the roller chopper. That order was placed a few weeks ago and delivery is expected in early February. The DNR and USFS have also already expressed an interest in using the machine as part of their similar barrens management objectives. One goal this winter will be to develop a lease/rental agreement, which will also generate a new source of revenue. f) State Natural Area Designations. We are also in discussions with the DNR regarding the potential of establishing SNAs on portions of the county forest. Some surrounding counties have established SNAs on portions of their county forests. For us, the target areas would be those already designated as SMAs. Since State Natural Areas recognize unique and important natural features, the only SMAs that would be considered are those that also contain such features, like the Bibon Swamp, Lost Creek Falls, Glacial Kettles, Sultz Swamp and the core area of the Barnes Barrens. The rec SMAs would not be considered. This is the early stages of discussion, but I wanted to broach this topic with the Committee to make sure there is interest in moving forward. b. Campgrounds and Day Use Parks. With this unseasonable weather, we were able to complete some stump grinding at Delta Lake. But, otherwise, nothing new to report. a) Pigeon Lake. Mark is in the process of fleshing out the details of a potential one- year, virtually no cost lease with the Board of Regents. The goal of the lease will be to give us time to commission a site assessment/condition report of the property. If favorable, it would also provide us with some time to discuss potential future goals/uses of the property. We currently have $30k in the budget, which would likely be used towards the site assessment. This would likely be the last opportunity we get to address this property. It’s also assumed that Forestry and Parks would be taking the lead on commissioning the various reports. c. Trails and Recreation. a) Motorized Trail Updates: Everyone is eagerly awaiting snow. Otherwise, nothing new to report. i. Snowmobile Trail Bridge Repair and Inventory. Highway recently completed the emergency stabilization of the railroad trestle bridge outside of Grand View. We are now working with an engineer on plans for repair. Prior to this process, we were starting to develop a more formal procedure for the inventory and inspection of all bridges on motorized trails (under our management jurisdiction). The engineering firm developing plans for repairs to the trestle bridge can also perform formal inspections on rec bridges (and does so in other counties). We are working on a long-term contract with them to conduct an initial inventory and then establish a routine monitoring 5 schedule. This is an eligible expense covered by the state maintenance grants. b) Non-Motorized Trail Updates: Highway completed some routine brushing along the paved road within the Fire Hill property. Actively in the process of closing out grants associated with trail work at Lost Creek Falls and the Siskiwit properties. c) Yurt Updates: yurt rentals are picking up again this winter, though there have been higher than average cancellations due to lack of snow. I would expect that trend to continue until the cross-country ski trails are open. Below are the current occupancy rates for each yurt: d. Events: I’m expecting Birkie to submit their standard request for annual events soon. Ashwabay was approved for their annual Summit ski race. 10. 2023 Budget Amendment. Attached is a draft resolution. This is a standard end of year 2023 budget amendment. The accounts being adjusted this year will be: 1) State snowmobile: primarily pertaining to the large supplemental payment received in 2023. Revenue and expense offsetting at roughly $135k each; 2) 10% payment to the towns: we had surplus stumpage returns of roughly $267k, meaning the collective payments to the towns will be almost $27k over budget. This will be offset by an equal increase on the stumpage revenue side; 3) State Sustainable Forestry Grant. We completed a project in 2023, but was budgeted in 2022. Full funding was received. Total overage was around $3k. This will be offset by an equal amount of revenue. 4) County Conservation Aids. We shifted previously awarded grant funds to the core road project around the Bass Lake Barrens. That project was completed in 2023, but budgeted in 2022. Expense will be increased by $15k and offset by $11k in county conservation revenue and $4k from stumpage. 5) Knowles Nelson Grant. Final expenses incurred from the project at Siskiwit. Expenses are fully covered by this grant. Roughly $5,500 will be offset with an equal amount of revenue. The final reimbursement may not arrive until later in Q1 2024. Bottomline: expenses will be offset by an equal amount of revenue resulting in no net change to the 2023 budget. I recommend approval. 11. Sand River Headwaters Community Forest Management Plan. A draft plan was shared with the Committee during our last meeting. Attached is the final version. This version has been reviewed and accepted by the grantor. We can make changes to this plan at any time, but any tweaks will also need to be approved by the grantor. I recommend approval. Yurt Nov Dec Jan Feb Avg Terra Cotta 37%68%61%69%59% Evergreen 43%58%42%69%53% Cable 20%23%39%41%31% Avg 33%50%47%60%48% 6 12. 2024 Annual Work Plan. Attached is a draft of the detailed annual work plan. It includes primary identifiable goals for the Forest Management, Recreation and Parks programs. A county board approved annual work plan is a requirement of the DNR County Forest Administrator grant. This grant compensates the county for nearly half of the costs (salary and fringe, as well as some of the WCFA dues) associated with the administrator position. I plan to include an executive summary as well. That should be available by Friday morning and will touch on the highlights of each program, without all of the extra detail. In general, the goals for 2024 align closely with those of the past few years. On the Forest Management side: there will be a slight decrease in the harvest goal, increase in barrens related projects, increase in inventory work and relatively stable workloads associated with reforestation and invasive species control. Also, revisiting the access management program and re- establishing a routine monitoring and maintenance plan. It’s anyone’s guess where carbon is going, but I’m optimistic there will be a return to a new normal later in the year and we will be able to move forward with various FCOR initiatives. Address land acquisition projects as opportunities arise, including spending down the remaining balance of the ARPA grant. On the Parks and Rec side: targeted projects include: update the management plan for Fire Hill; finalize the SMA plan for the Cable block; complete some additional retaining wall work at Twin Bear; complete a few lake access projects, including grant funded work at Jackman Lake; implement a rec bridge inventory and maintenance plan; consider motorized trail expansion, especially in areas currently underrepresented; complete a site assessment at Pigeon Lake; complete the assessment of the currently vacant second rec position and fill as needed; continue working with Landmark on various projects, including the restoration work at the Brownstone Trail property; all of this in addition to maintaining existing facilities and associated infrastructure. 13. Event Request: Trail Life, LLC. Trail Life is requesting permission to host a running event on portions of the North Country Trail in the Town of Hughes. This isn’t a new event for the area, as it’s currently held on the NCT in Douglas County, but would be a new event in Bayfield County. Attached is a map of the potential location. I’m waiting to hear back from the NCTA stating that they don’t have concerns (as NCTA is the official steward of that trail, as per our Rec Use Agreement with them). Assuming they don’t have a concern, I don’t either. I recommend approval, contingent upon no concerns being raised by the North Country Trail Association. BAYFIELD COUNTY FORESTRY AND PARKS DEPARTMENT COMMITTEE MEETING November 13, 2023 County Board Room Members Present: Fred Strand; Jeffrey Silbert; Steve Sandstrom; Larry Fickbohm; Charly Ray Staff in Attendance: Jason Bodine, Administrator; Steve Probst, Assistant Administrator; Deanna Regan, Office Manager Others in Attendance: Joseph LeBouton, WI DNR; Michael Radtke 1. Call to Order of Forestry and Parks Committee Meeting. This meeting was called to order at 6:00 PM. 2. Public Comment: Public Comment opens at 6:00 PM. Michael Radtke is present to speak requesting a change in the wording of the draft 2023-24 Comprehensive Plan. Would like the word “primarily” removed from the language. Public Comment closes at 6:02 PM. 3. Approval of the October 9th Meeting Minutes. MOTION: (Fickbohm, Sandstrom) Approve minutes and place on file. All: Yes. Carried. 4. Fall Timber Sale Offering. A total of 33 timber sales (25 new and 8 re-offered), covering 2,387 acres (1,766 acres new and 621 acres re-offered) were part of the fall offering. A strong showing on most red pine sales as well as sales with sand ground aspen was expected. The success of sales with a significant frozen ground requirement, combined with heavy hardwood pulp volumes (which defines most of the re-offered sales currently on this offering) was hard to predict. Results were above expectations with 25 parcels sold with bids totaling over $2.065 million. 2023 was our best annual offering since 2016 with nearly $4.2 million in new sales. MOTION: (Silbert, Ray) Accept bid results as presented. All: Yes. Carried. 5. Recreational Use Agreement Request. Bayfield Nordic had a special one-year rec use agreement to groom cross-county ski trails in the Siskiwit Falls property outside of Cornucopia last year. We have expanded the system this year to include a trail through the orchard. Bayfield Nordic would like to continue providing grooming services. Bodine recommends increasing the term to five years and approval. MOTION: (Sandstrom, Fickbohm) Approve recreational use agreement request. All: Yes. Carried. 6. Monthly Reports. a) Forestry (all updates). The Department was awarded an $8,000 Wisconsin Important Bird Area Grant that would be used towards the purchase of the roller chopper (for barrens habitat maintenance). The WI Sharp-tailed Grouse Society has also committed $8,000 towards the purchase. The unit is expected to cost around $75k. We are currently asking for $50,000 from the Enbridge grant. There will be a presentation to the grant selection committee later this month and there will be strong competition for funding from that grant, including one from Land Conservation. If awarded (or awarded a significant portion), that should provide enough Bayfield County Forestry & Parks Committee November 13, 2023 Meeting Minutes Page 2 of 3 flexibility in this budget to move forward with a purchase before the end of this year. Kudos to Mike Amman for spearheading this project. a. 2023 Budget. Stumpage revenue in October was a little above the three-year average for the month at nearly $393k. Total stumpage revenue to date is just over $3.075 million. With nearly two months remaining this year, we are still trending towards the budget for stumpage revenue and will likely finish with a small surplus. Expenses are still on target. b. 2024 Annual Work Plan. Work has started on the plan for the upcoming year. While not anticipating any big changes next year, a decrease in sustainable harvest goals, primarily in the aspen type is still anticipated. The work plan is usually presented during the January meeting, typically because the Board doesn’t meet in December and they have to approve the plan as well, but if a rough draft is ready in time for the Committee meeting in December, it’ll be presented then. c. Carbon Project. We’ve sold or are in the process of selling our first 1,000 credits. Unfortunately, there are no details on that sale. These next three months have traditionally been the strongest for carbon sales, so we should have a much better read on the market by early winter. d. Land Acquisition Projects. Erika Lang will present the two previously discussed Landmark acquisition projects (160 acres near Whittlesey Creek and roughly 900 acres near the Iron River) during the December meeting. A WI Coastal grant is being pursued as part of the Whittlesey project. The deadline for that application was last Friday. We submitted that application on behalf of Landmark since non-profits are not eligible to own land purchased with these funds. Landmark has done all the heavy lifting with regards to the application (very similar to our arrangement with Landmark on the Siskiwit, Lost Creek and Fire Hill projects). This will eventually require Committee and Board approval, but the application was submitted ahead of time due to hard deadlines. We are also currently in discussions with Landmark, Gathering Waters, TPL and the Nature Conservancy regarding their process for identifying and prioritizing future acquisition projects. e. DNR ARPA Grant. We finally got all the necessary signatures on the new ARPA agreement with the DNR and the grant has officially been awarded. The total value of the grant is $1.3 million. Currently, the grant is written to cover the recent Bark River purchase, which was just under $1.028 million. The remaining balance will be available for use on a similar future land acquisition project. Before we can request reimbursement for Bark River, we have to get an appraisal, as well as gap coverage for the title insurance, both of which have been ordered. The appraisal will cost $4,500 (reimbursable from the grant). When combining the current land acquisition balance with this ARPA grant, we will have roughly $1.7 million available for future acquisition projects. If carbon credit sales pick up, the amount available for future land purchases could quickly double or more than triple if we successfully leverage some of these funds. The deadline to utilize the ARPA funds is December 31, 2024. f. Sand River Headwaters Community Forest Management Plan. As part of the roughly $320k Community Forest grant, we are required to submit a management plan for the purchased properties. We’ve already been granted one extension. The deadline for the plan is the end of November. We’re still working on the individual stand maps for each parcel. I plan to submit a draft to the Forest Service soon and then make any adjustments, if needed, based on their feedback. b) Campgrounds and Day Use Parks. The campgrounds are now closed, but we were able to complete some targeted projects late last month. The first round of retaining walls were repaired at Twin Bear. Highway completed the tear down of the old walls and installation of the new ones. There are still a number of walls to repair at Twin Bear. Phase 2 will happen in 2024. Bayfield County Forestry & Parks Committee November 13, 2023 Meeting Minutes Page 3 of 3 c) Trails and Recreation. a. Motorized Trails. There has been a flurry of activity on various snowmobile trail projects which is typical for the month before the snowmobile season officially starts. Projects include repairs, reroutes, grading and brushing. A potential issue with an old railroad trestle bridge outside of Grand View was discovered. We met with the bridge inspector that Highway uses to inspect DOT bridges, and the recommendation was to close this section of the trail, which we did. What do we do with large, old railroad trestle bridges that we don’t own (and will likely be extremely expensive to repair)? We’re currently exploring various options. Developing a regular inspection process on all rec trail bridges will be a high priority for 2024. b. Non-Motorized Trails. Putting some finishing, end of season touches on the Lost Creek, Siskiwit and Jolly trails and shifting trail counters around to better capture winter use. c. Yurts. Rentals continue to be relatively steady this fall as we head into what has traditionally been our quiet season (November). d. Events. Nothing new to report. MOTION: (Silbert, Fickbohm) Receive reports as presented and place on file. All: Yes. Carried. 7. Resolution: Authorizing Participation in the Outdoor Motorized Recreation Trail Aids, Stewardship Local Assistance Grant Programs and Federal Recreation Trails Act. This amended resolution basically just involves changing the effective dates to cover the next 5-year period. Bodine recommends approval. MOTION: (Fickbohm, Ray) Forward amendment to County Board with recommendation for approval. All: Yes. Carried. 8. Committee Members Discussion. Discussion regarding Radtke’s suggestion to remove “primarily” from the Comprehensive Plan. 9. Joseph LeBouton, DNR Representative, Comments: None The next Forestry and Parks Committee meeting has been scheduled for Monday, December 11th, at 6:00 PM in the County Board Room. Meeting adjourned at 7:10 PM. Submitted by, Deanna Regan No. (Leave blank-I will fill this in) ( ) Support for Iron River/Orienta Community Forest Project in Partnership with Landmark Conservancy WHEREAS, Bayfield County (the County) will be contacted by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources related to Landmark Conservancy’s (Landmark) grant application to the DNR Knowles-Nelson Stewardship Program for its Iron River/Orienta Community Forest project (Project), inviting the County to adopt a non-binding resolution of support for the Project; WHEREAS, this Project would involve the acquisition of approximately 860 acres (see Exhibit A), near Kaukamo Road, in the Town of Orienta, contains significant frontage on the Iron River, Resch Creek and numerous tributaries, and would be fully funded, in part, by the DNR Knowles-Nelson Stewardship Program, USFS Community Forest and Open Space Conservation Program and donations, if necessary (as secured by Landmark), for natural resource protection and public recreational access including hiking, cross-country skiing, hunting, fishing and trapping; WHEREAS, the County and Landmark share like visions with regards to land conservation and management and have partnered on numerous similar land acquisition projects over the past decade; WHEREAS, as part of this acquisition Project, both Landmark and the County, with assistance from Landmark, would apply for grants or similar financial aids with the goal of securing full funding (the total cost of the Project is estimated to be $1.189 million); WHEREAS, Bayfield County Forestry and Parks Department, with assistance from Landmark, is seeking grant funding from the USFS Community Forest and Open Space Conservation Program, in the amount of roughly $600,000.00, to support the Iron River/Orienta Community Forest project with an intent to own and manage the property as part of the Bayfield County Forest; WHEREAS, the County is interested in improving land protection with public access to the Iron River watershed of the South Shore Streams area of Lake Superior and other nearby and/or similar natural areas as supported by Bayfield County’s Comprehensive Land Use Plan and the Bayfield County Forest 15 Year Comprehensive Land Use Plan, as well as the Town of Orienta’s Comprehensive Plan; WHEREAS, once full funding has been secured, Landmark would facilitate the completion of the acquisition and, upon closing, transfer ownership and the associated management responsibilities of the property, in full, to the County; WHEREAS, the Bayfield County Forestry and Parks Committee voted to support this Project during their meeting on January 8, 2024, including working with Landmark to pursue funding through the USFS Community Forest and Open Space Conservation Program, receiving ownership of the property and being responsible for future management; THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, that the Bayfield County Board of Supervisors, assembled this 30th day of January 2024, do hereby support Landmark’s Iron River/Orienta Community Forest project, as described above; BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that the Bayfield County Board of Supervisors also supports pursuing funding through the USFS Community Forest and Open Space Conservation Program for assistance in the acquisition of land, as described above; BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that the Bayfield County Board of Supervisors hereby authorizes, upon successful closing and transfer of ownership to the County, the entry of the land included as part of this Project in County Forest Law, to be managed as part of the Bayfield County Forest; BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that the Bayfield County Board of Supervisors hereby authorizes the Forestry and Parks Administrator and County Administrator to act on behalf of Bayfield County to: submit an application to USFS Community Forest and Open Space Conservation Program for land acquisition grant funding; sign documents; and take all necessary and required action(s) to undertake, direct, and complete an approved land acquisition project. No. (Leave blank-I will fill this in) ( ) Support for Whittlesey Creek Project in Partnership with Landmark Conservancy WHEREAS, Bayfield County (the County) will be contacted by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources related to Landmark Conservancy’s (Landmark) grant application to the DNR Knowles-Nelson Stewardship Program for its Whittlesey Creek project (Project), inviting the County to adopt a non-binding resolution of support for the Project; WHEREAS, this Project would involve the acquisition of approximately 160 acres (see Exhibit A), near FR 500/Range Road, in the Town of Barksdale, contains significant frontage on the North Fork of Whittlesey Creek, including it’s headwaters, and would be fully funded, in part, by the DNR Knowles-Nelson Stewardship Program and Wisconsin Coastal Management Program for natural resource protection and public recreational access including hiking, cross-country skiing, hunting, fishing and trapping; WHEREAS, the County and Landmark share like visions with regards to land conservation and management and have partnered on numerous similar land acquisition projects over the past decade; WHEREAS, as part of this acquisition Project, both Landmark and the County, with assistance from Landmark, would apply for grants or similar financial aids with the goal of securing full funding (the total cost of the Project is estimated to be around $180,000.00); WHEREAS, Bayfield County Forestry and Parks Department, with assistance from Landmark, is seeking grant funding from the Wisconsin Coastal Management Program, in the amount of roughly $72,000.00 to support the Project with an intent to own the property; WHEREAS, the County is interested in improving land protection with public access to the Whittlesey Creek watershed of the South Shore Streams area of Lake Superior and other nearby and/or similar natural areas as supported by Bayfield County’s Comprehensive Land Use Plan and the Bayfield County Forest 15 Year Comprehensive Land Use Plan, as well as the Town of Barksdale’s Comprehensive Plan; WHEREAS, once full funding has been secured, Landmark would facilitate the completion of the acquisition and, upon closing, transfer ownership and the associated management responsibilities of the property, in full, to the County; WHEREAS, the Bayfield County Forestry and Parks Committee voted to support this Project during their meeting on January 8, 2024, including pursuing funding through the Wisconsin Coastal Management Program, receiving ownership of the property and being responsible for future management; THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, that the Bayfield County Board of Supervisors, assembled this 30th day of January 2024, do hereby support Landmark’s Whittlesey Creek project, as described above; BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that the Bayfield County Board of Supervisors also supports pursuing funding through the Wisconsin Coastal Management Program for assistance in the acquisition of land, as described above; BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that the Bayfield County Board of Supervisors hereby authorizes the Forestry and Parks Administrator and County Administrator to act on behalf of the County to: submit an application to Wisconsin Coastal Management Program for land acquisition grant funding; sign documents; and take all necessary and required action(s) to undertake, direct, and complete an approved land acquisition project. No. (Leave blank-I will fill this in) ( ) Support for Brownstone Trail and Shoreline Restoration Project FEMA grant application in Partnership with Landmark Conservancy WHEREAS, Bayfield County (the County) and Landmark Conservancy (Landmark) share a goal to advance the restoration of an area of the Brownstone Trail, facilitate public use, and nurture the appreciation of coastal habitat protection, restoration, and management along Lake Superior; WHEREAS, the County and Landmark have a signed contract to work together to restore the Maki property along the Brownstone Trail to address erosion, restore the trail and create a public trailhead, foster native habitat, and, over the long-term, transform an upslope area into a community park; WHEREAS, Landmark has agreed to identify, prepare and secure all grant applications for all restoration activities and, if the County is the applicant, coordinate with Bayfield County Forestry and Parks Department staff to review and submit grant applications; WHEREAS, Landmark has identified an opportunity to seek a roughly $1.2 million FEMA grant, with Wisconsin Emergency Management as the applicant and the County as the sub-applicant; WHEREAS, if the grant is awarded, Landmark will track all grant expenditures, prepare grant reports and close-out documents, and complete other grant management activities, as required; WHEREAS, if funding is received, Landmark will coordinate and oversee all aspects of the restoration of the Brownstone Trail and shoreline, in consultation with the County, which is expected to begin in 2025; WHEREAS, the Bayfield County Forestry and Parks Committee voted to support this project during their meeting on January 8, 2024, including working with Landmark to pursue FEMA grant funding, as described above; THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, that the Bayfield County Board of Supervisors, assembled this 30th day of January 2024, do hereby support Landmark’s Brownstone Trail and Shoreline Restoration Project FEMA grant application, as described above; BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that the Bayfield County Board of Supervisors hereby authorizes the Forestry and Parks Administrator and County Administrator to act on behalf of the County and work with Landmark to submit an application to FEMA via Wisconsin Emergency Management; sign documents; and take all necessary and required action(s) to undertake, direct, and complete an approved FEMA project. Bayfield County Forestry and Parks Department Timber Sale Revenue Report Monthly, Cumulative and Three Year Average 2023 2023 2022 2020-2022 Month YTD Month Average Net Net Net Month Net January $237,285.27 $237,285.27 $231,864.71 $231,864.71 $277,438.38 $277,438.38 February $346,476.03 $583,761.30 $166,426.27 $398,290.98 $494,060.96 $216,622.58 March $465,040.89 $1,048,802.19 $532,758.83 $931,049.81 $1,000,303.74 $506,242.78 April $188,375.71 $1,237,177.90 $387,260.58 $1,318,310.39 $1,389,578.09 $389,274.34 May $125,582.35 $1,362,760.25 $863,588.22 $2,181,898.61 $1,846,827.71 $457,249.62 June $244,100.19 $1,606,860.44 $784,933.05 $2,966,831.66 $2,329,489.87 $482,662.16 July $363,051.52 $1,969,911.96 $475,882.59 $3,442,714.25 $2,675,023.47 $345,533.61 August $519,092.26 $2,489,004.22 $258,942.16 $3,701,656.41 $2,957,252.98 $282,229.50 September $139,378.27 $2,628,382.49 $167,444.95 $3,869,101.36 $3,120,932.18 $163,679.20 October $392,716.61 $3,021,099.10 $399,254.12 $4,268,355.48 $3,463,558.94 $342,626.76 November $253,805.64 $3,274,904.74 $220,084.42 $4,488,439.90 $3,791,386.41 $327,827.46 December $267,154.45 $3,542,059.19 $189,062.67 $4,677,502.57 $4,045,635.58 $254,249.17 Month 2022 YTD Net 2020-2022 Average Cumulative Net $0 $100,000 $200,000 $300,000 $400,000 $500,000 $600,000 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Monthly Net Revenues Comparison Summary 2020-2022 Average 2023 $3 . 6 3 $3 . 8 3 $4 . 6 8 2020 2021 2022 NET REVENUES BY YEAR 1/4/2024 K:\File System\6000 Management\6500-Finance & Accounting\Revenues\Committee Timber Sale Receipt Report\Timber Sale Revenues - Committee Timber Sale Report Adopted Budget Amended Current Month YTD YTD Budget - YTD % Used/ Account Account Description Budget Amendments Budget Transactions Encumbrances Transactions Transactions Rec'd Prior Year Total Fund 100 - General REVENUE Department 34 - Forestry 43572 State Grant-Snowmobile Trails 227,285.00 .00 227,285.00 119,311.20 .00 373,207.90 (145,922.90)164 303,853.05 43575 43575 State Grant-ATV Trails 52,800.00 .00 52,800.00 .00 .00 26,400.00 26,400.00 50 13,217.00 43575-002 ATV Winter Trail Grants 34,286.00 .00 34,286.00 .00 .00 17,370.00 16,916.00 51 60,116.00 43575 - Totals $87,086.00 $0.00 $87,086.00 $0.00 $0.00 $43,770.00 $43,316.00 50%$73,333.00 43582 Conservation Aids-50/50 NL 4,000.00 .00 4,000.00 .00 .00 15,000.00 (11,000.00)375 4,557.60 43584 43584-001 Wisconsin Coastal Management (Siskiwit River) Grant .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 +++25,184.10 43584-003 Turkey Stamp State Grant .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 11,764.00 (11,764.00)+++12,825.00 43584 - Totals $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $11,764.00 ($11,764.00)+++$38,009.10 43587 Good Neighbor Grant 30,000.00 .00 30,000.00 .00 .00 15,047.61 14,952.39 50 20,279.85 43597 State Sustainable Forestry Grant 10,000.00 .00 10,000.00 .00 .00 40,093.85 (30,093.85)401 .00 43598 County Forest Admin Grant 68,000.00 .00 68,000.00 .00 .00 70,290.58 (2,290.58)103 65,859.71 43599 Wildlife Habitat .10 Grant NL 8,150.00 .00 8,150.00 .00 .00 8,143.30 6.70 100 8,190.15 43610 State DOT Road Aid NL 13,327.00 .00 13,327.00 .00 .00 13,327.47 (.47)100 13,327.47 46720 County Park Fees 125,000.00 .00 125,000.00 .00 .00 135,612.18 (10,612.18)108 144,534.50 46721 Yurt Rental Revenue 47,500.00 .00 47,500.00 2,804.07 .00 41,947.84 5,552.16 88 51,269.33 46811 Sale of Wood-CFL-Co Share 2,948,500.00 .00 2,948,500.00 267,154.45 .00 3,542,059.19 (593,559.19)120 4,679,087.06 46815 10% County Forestry-Towns 326,500.00 .00 326,500.00 .00 .00 .00 326,500.00 0 .00 46823 Equipment Use Agreement NL .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 +++1,555.60 48120 Lease Interest .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 +++11,267.00 48205 Rent on Leased Land 12,604.00 .00 12,604.00 .00 .00 11,988.83 615.17 95 49,521.64 48500 Donations 81,000.00 .00 81,000.00 58,692.87 .00 96,572.42 (15,572.42)119 39,252.00 48900 All Other Revenue 1,000.00 .00 1,000.00 34.05 .00 692.87 307.13 69 290.79 48910 Permit Revenues 1,000.00 .00 1,000.00 295.00 .00 2,345.00 (1,345.00)234 1,215.00 49301 Fund Balance Applied 40,000.00 .00 40,000.00 .00 .00 .00 40,000.00 0 .00 49401 Sale of Larger $Gen Fixed Assets .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 14,353.50 (14,353.50)+++.00 Department 34 - Forestry Totals $4,030,952.00 $0.00 $4,030,952.00 $448,291.64 $0.00 $4,436,216.54 ($405,264.54)110%$5,505,402.85 REVENUE TOTALS $4,030,952.00 $0.00 $4,030,952.00 $448,291.64 $0.00 $4,436,216.54 ($405,264.54)110%$5,505,402.85 EXPENSE Department 34 - Forestry State Account 55201 - Parks 50220 Utilities 13,000.00 .00 13,000.00 204.83 .00 9,289.34 3,710.66 71 13,067.69 50225 Telephone 2,650.00 .00 2,650.00 59.88 .00 2,248.11 401.89 85 2,247.73 50240 Repair & Maintenance 8,000.00 .00 8,000.00 .00 .00 7,361.48 638.52 92 8,443.16 50290 Contractual Services 46,506.00 .00 46,506.00 825.00 .00 51,484.32 (4,978.32)111 53,171.71 50313 Printing & Duplication 500.00 .00 500.00 .00 .00 762.00 (262.00)152 .00 50340 Operating Supplies .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 +++197.84 Run by Deanna Regan on 01/04/2024 04:15:28 PM Page 1 of 7 Budget Performance Report Fiscal Year to Date 12/31/23 Include Rollup Account and Rollup to Account Adopted Budget Amended Current Month YTD YTD Budget - YTD % Used/ Account Account Description Budget Amendments Budget Transactions Encumbrances Transactions Transactions Rec'd Prior Year Total Fund 100 - General EXPENSE Department 34 - Forestry State Account 55201 - Parks 50350 50350 Repair & Maintenance Supplies 900.00 .00 900.00 .00 .00 1,829.16 (929.16)203 1,202.82 50350-002 Yurt Repair & Maintenance 4,500.00 .00 4,500.00 .00 .00 5,600.10 (1,100.10)124 10,354.23 50350 - Totals $5,400.00 $0.00 $5,400.00 $0.00 $0.00 $7,429.26 ($2,029.26)138%$11,557.05 50590 Other Fixed Charges 1,435.00 .00 1,435.00 .00 .00 1,510.00 (75.00)105 1,435.00 State Account 55201 - Parks Totals $77,491.00 $0.00 $77,491.00 $1,089.71 $0.00 $80,084.51 ($2,593.51)103%$90,120.18 State Account 55204 - WI Coastal Grant (Siskiwit Riv) 50290 Contractual Services .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 +++4,436.18 State Account 55204 - WI Coastal Grant (Siskiwit Riv) Totals $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 +++$4,436.18 State Account 55313 - Recreation Management 50240 Repair & Maintenance 3,000.00 .00 3,000.00 141.93 .00 2,002.56 997.44 67 11,649.68 50290 Contractual Services 1,500.00 .00 1,500.00 .00 .00 1,537.75 (37.75)103 1,704.66 50340 Operating Supplies 500.00 .00 500.00 .00 .00 187.46 312.54 37 505.33 50350 Repair & Maintenance Supplies 500.00 .00 500.00 18.32 .00 2,141.06 (1,641.06)428 65.70 50351 Fuel 250.00 .00 250.00 18.49 .00 151.46 98.54 61 545.66 State Account 55313 - Recreation Management Totals $5,750.00 $0.00 $5,750.00 $178.74 $0.00 $6,020.29 ($270.29)105%$14,471.03 State Account 55442 - Snowmobile Trail Maint. Grants 50240 Repair & Maintenance 227,285.00 .00 227,285.00 125,235.15 .00 362,596.44 (135,311.44)160 301,488.19 State Account 55442 - Snowmobile Trail Maint. Grants Totals $227,285.00 $0.00 $227,285.00 $125,235.15 $0.00 $362,596.44 ($135,311.44)160%$301,488.19 State Account 55443 - ATV Trail Maintenance Grants 50240 Repair & Maintenance 52,800.00 .00 52,800.00 7,034.79 .00 33,564.93 19,235.07 64 38,738.97 State Account 55443 - ATV Trail Maintenance Grants Totals $52,800.00 $0.00 $52,800.00 $7,034.79 $0.00 $33,564.93 $19,235.07 64%$38,738.97 State Account 55445 - RTA Grants 50240 Repair & Maintenance .00 .00 .00 200.32 .00 459.37 (459.37)+++6,806.25 50810 Capital Equipment .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 531.50 (531.50)+++.00 State Account 55445 - RTA Grants Totals $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $200.32 $0.00 $990.87 ($990.87)+++$6,806.25 State Account 55447 - ATV Winter Trail Grants 50240 Repair & Maintenance 34,286.00 .00 34,286.00 (1,271.90).00 34,381.75 (95.75)100 34,286.00 State Account 55447 - ATV Winter Trail Grants Totals $34,286.00 $0.00 $34,286.00 ($1,271.90)$0.00 $34,381.75 ($95.75)100%$34,286.00 State Account 56105 - Knowles-Nelson Grant 50290 Contractual Services .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 5,483.60 (5,483.60)+++5,268.47 State Account 56105 - Knowles-Nelson Grant Totals $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $5,483.60 ($5,483.60)+++$5,268.47 State Account 56121 - Forestry 50121 Full Time 649,355.00 .00 649,355.00 57,043.45 .00 501,503.31 147,851.69 77 501,416.27 50130 Funeral Leave .00 .00 .00 282.80 .00 1,386.48 (1,386.48)+++.00 Run by Deanna Regan on 01/04/2024 04:15:28 PM Page 2 of 7 Budget Performance Report Fiscal Year to Date 12/31/23 Include Rollup Account and Rollup to Account Adopted Budget Amended Current Month YTD YTD Budget - YTD % Used/ Account Account Description Budget Amendments Budget Transactions Encumbrances Transactions Transactions Rec'd Prior Year Total Fund 100 - General EXPENSE Department 34 - Forestry State Account 56121 - Forestry 50131 Sick Leave Pay .00 .00 .00 1,486.46 .00 10,586.12 (10,586.12)+++12,166.92 50132 Vacation Pay .00 .00 .00 2,701.97 .00 36,708.41 (36,708.41)+++37,291.65 50135 Overtime 3,000.00 .00 3,000.00 470.97 .00 9,664.86 (6,664.86)322 5,048.22 50138 Holiday Pay .00 .00 .00 6,887.28 .00 20,514.14 (20,514.14)+++24,623.14 50140 Per Diem 2,500.00 .00 2,500.00 500.00 .00 3,000.00 (500.00)120 3,700.00 50151 Fica/Medicare 50,096.00 .00 50,096.00 5,180.26 .00 42,544.66 7,551.34 85 42,443.54 50152 Co. Share Retirement 44,351.00 .00 44,351.00 4,683.37 .00 39,415.60 4,935.40 89 37,784.97 50154 Health Insurance 145,142.00 .00 145,142.00 12,422.72 .00 126,270.19 18,871.81 87 134,925.55 50155 Life Insurance 81.00 .00 81.00 11.39 .00 110.78 (29.78)137 81.86 50210 Professional Services 1,000.00 .00 1,000.00 .00 .00 .00 1,000.00 0 168.75 50220 Utilities 3,500.00 .00 3,500.00 216.45 .00 2,905.08 594.92 83 3,029.64 50225 Telephone 6,050.00 .00 6,050.00 619.77 .00 5,293.27 756.73 87 5,740.72 50240 Repair & Maintenance 4,000.00 .00 4,000.00 383.91 .00 3,234.87 765.13 81 3,155.98 50290 Contractual Services 32,500.00 .00 32,500.00 1,736.00 .00 26,933.13 5,566.87 83 4,212.31 50310 Office Supplies 1,250.00 .00 1,250.00 128.02 .00 936.32 313.68 75 1,174.16 50311 Postage 1,100.00 .00 1,100.00 .00 .00 953.55 146.45 87 933.96 50313 Printing & Duplication 3,000.00 .00 3,000.00 .00 .00 3,051.52 (51.52)102 3,638.69 50315 Advertising 500.00 .00 500.00 .00 .00 97.73 402.27 20 544.30 50320 Publication,Subscriptions & Dues 1,500.00 .00 1,500.00 195.00 .00 1,558.31 (58.31)104 1,459.24 50325 Registration Fees & Tuition 2,000.00 .00 2,000.00 .00 .00 1,847.50 152.50 92 819.20 50332 Mileage 45,000.00 .00 45,000.00 211.18 .00 42,039.14 2,960.86 93 52,666.70 50335 Meals 200.00 .00 200.00 16.00 .00 76.72 123.28 38 159.46 50336 Lodging 750.00 .00 750.00 .00 .00 806.86 (56.86)108 406.00 50340 Operating Supplies .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 469.50 (469.50)+++.00 50351 Fuel 1,000.00 .00 1,000.00 20.66 .00 840.16 159.84 84 984.60 50353 Parts .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 +++143.87 50390 Other Supplies and Expense 750.00 .00 750.00 233.37 .00 741.20 8.80 99 706.18 50395 Safety Supplies 200.00 .00 200.00 .00 .00 475.15 (275.15)238 189.83 50396 Clothing Allowance 2,970.00 .00 2,970.00 722.93 .00 1,343.13 1,626.87 45 3,240.25 50590 Other Fixed Charges 200.00 .00 200.00 .00 .00 252.00 (52.00)126 172.00 State Account 56121 - Forestry Totals $1,001,995.00 $0.00 $1,001,995.00 $96,153.96 $0.00 $885,559.69 $116,435.31 88%$883,027.96 State Account 56122 - Equipmnt Use Agreemnt=NonLapsing 50390 Other Supplies and Expense 4,000.00 .00 4,000.00 .00 .00 1,169.69 2,830.31 29 2,593.69 State Account 56122 - Equipmnt Use Agreemnt=NonLapsing Totals $4,000.00 $0.00 $4,000.00 $0.00 $0.00 $1,169.69 $2,830.31 29%$2,593.69 State Account 56123 - State sustainable Forestry Grant 50121 Full Time .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 +++11,209.06 Run by Deanna Regan on 01/04/2024 04:15:28 PM Page 3 of 7 Budget Performance Report Fiscal Year to Date 12/31/23 Include Rollup Account and Rollup to Account Adopted Budget Amended Current Month YTD YTD Budget - YTD % Used/ Account Account Description Budget Amendments Budget Transactions Encumbrances Transactions Transactions Rec'd Prior Year Total Fund 100 - General EXPENSE Department 34 - Forestry State Account 56123 - State sustainable Forestry Grant 50151 Fica/Medicare .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 +++819.05 50152 Co. Share Retirement .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 +++739.57 50154 Health Insurance .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 +++3,385.95 50155 Life Insurance .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 +++2.56 50290 Contractual Services .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 3,070.00 (3,070.00)+++1,892.49 50332 Mileage .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 +++1,134.63 50390 Other Supplies and Expense .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 +++7,108.65 State Account 56123 - State sustainable Forestry Grant Totals $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $3,070.00 ($3,070.00)+++$26,291.96 State Account 56125 - 10% Timber Sales Due Towns 50590 Other Fixed Charges 326,500.00 .00 326,500.00 .00 .00 .00 326,500.00 0 467,908.79 State Account 56125 - 10% Timber Sales Due Towns Totals $326,500.00 $0.00 $326,500.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $326,500.00 0%$467,908.79 State Account 56128 - Sand & Gravel Pit Exp.=NonLapsng 50590 Other Fixed Charges 1,000.00 .00 1,000.00 .00 .00 970.00 30.00 97 970.00 State Account 56128 - Sand & Gravel Pit Exp.=NonLapsng Totals $1,000.00 $0.00 $1,000.00 $0.00 $0.00 $970.00 $30.00 97%$970.00 State Account 56129 - Town Road Improvement Aid 50241 Town Road Aid 60,000.00 .00 60,000.00 5,000.00 .00 46,544.96 13,455.04 78 53,000.00 State Account 56129 - Town Road Improvement Aid Totals $60,000.00 $0.00 $60,000.00 $5,000.00 $0.00 $46,544.96 $13,455.04 78%$53,000.00 State Account 56145 - Access Management 50240 Repair & Maintenance 7,000.00 .00 7,000.00 .00 .00 5,981.52 1,018.48 85 6,269.41 50290 Contractual Services .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 +++500.00 50340 Operating Supplies 750.00 .00 750.00 .00 .00 332.00 418.00 44 200.91 50350 Repair & Maintenance Supplies 500.00 .00 500.00 .00 .00 237.60 262.40 48 .00 50390 Other Supplies and Expense 500.00 .00 500.00 .00 .00 .00 500.00 0 557.65 State Account 56145 - Access Management Totals $8,750.00 $0.00 $8,750.00 $0.00 $0.00 $6,551.12 $2,198.88 75%$7,527.97 State Account 56148 - State D.O.T. Road Aid NL Grant 50240 Repair & Maintenance 43,327.00 .00 43,327.00 .00 .00 17,526.99 25,800.01 40 31,915.63 50351 Fuel .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 436.61 (436.61)+++691.13 State Account 56148 - State D.O.T. Road Aid NL Grant Totals $43,327.00 $0.00 $43,327.00 $0.00 $0.00 $17,963.60 $25,363.40 41%$32,606.76 State Account 56152 - Reforestation=NL 50290 Contractual Services 222,215.00 .00 222,215.00 5,543.67 .00 201,238.54 20,976.46 91 133,240.63 50390 Other Supplies and Expense .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 11.49 (11.49)+++298.98 State Account 56152 - Reforestation=NL Totals $222,215.00 $0.00 $222,215.00 $5,543.67 $0.00 $201,250.03 $20,964.97 91%$133,539.61 Run by Deanna Regan on 01/04/2024 04:15:28 PM Page 4 of 7 Budget Performance Report Fiscal Year to Date 12/31/23 Include Rollup Account and Rollup to Account Adopted Budget Amended Current Month YTD YTD Budget - YTD % Used/ Account Account Description Budget Amendments Budget Transactions Encumbrances Transactions Transactions Rec'd Prior Year Total Fund 100 - General EXPENSE Department 34 - Forestry State Account 56159 - Wildlife Habitat .5/Acre Grant 50240 Repair & Maintenance 8,150.00 .00 8,150.00 .00 .00 1,475.85 6,674.15 18 .00 50290 Contractual Services .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 7,146.76 (7,146.76)+++2,342.20 50340 Operating Supplies .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 +++376.98 State Account 56159 - Wildlife Habitat .5/Acre Grant Totals $8,150.00 $0.00 $8,150.00 $0.00 $0.00 $8,622.61 ($472.61)106%$2,719.18 State Account 56160 - County Forest Admin Grant 50111 Department Head 97,739.00 .00 97,739.00 10,352.88 .00 86,003.12 11,735.88 88 81,620.64 50131 Sick Leave Pay .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 759.36 (759.36)+++712.16 50132 Vacation Pay .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 6,447.04 (6,447.04)+++6,044.40 50138 Holiday Pay .00 .00 .00 1,150.32 .00 3,424.64 (3,424.64)+++3,912.40 50151 Fica/Medicare 7,477.00 .00 7,477.00 828.11 .00 6,842.10 634.90 92 6,648.91 50152 Co. Share Retirement 6,646.00 .00 6,646.00 782.22 .00 6,567.80 78.20 99 6,006.21 50154 Health Insurance 21,003.00 .00 21,003.00 2,058.36 .00 21,311.44 (308.44)101 20,614.18 50155 Life Insurance 27.00 .00 27.00 4.09 .00 39.78 (12.78)147 26.76 50320 Publication,Subscriptions & Dues 12,069.00 .00 12,069.00 .00 .00 12,069.25 (.25)100 12,146.76 State Account 56160 - County Forest Admin Grant Totals $144,961.00 $0.00 $144,961.00 $15,175.98 $0.00 $143,464.53 $1,496.47 99%$137,732.42 State Account 56170 - Conservation Match 50/50NL Grant 50290 Contractual Services .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 15,000.00 (15,000.00)+++.00 50340 Operating Supplies 8,000.00 .00 8,000.00 .00 .00 2,200.31 5,799.69 28 .00 State Account 56170 - Conservation Match 50/50NL Grant Totals $8,000.00 $0.00 $8,000.00 $0.00 $0.00 $17,200.31 ($9,200.31)215%$0.00 State Account 56171 - Forest Management 50240 Repair & Maintenance .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 +++255.00 50340 Operating Supplies 18,000.00 .00 18,000.00 .00 .00 18,081.10 (81.10)100 14,068.99 50390 Other Supplies and Expense .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 958.66 (958.66)+++.00 50810 Capital Equipment .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 +++1,223.99 State Account 56171 - Forest Management Totals $18,000.00 $0.00 $18,000.00 $0.00 $0.00 $19,039.76 ($1,039.76)106%$15,547.98 State Account 56173 - Good Neighbor Grant 50135 Overtime 17,000.00 .00 17,000.00 818.84 .00 14,574.49 2,425.51 86 11,269.33 50151 Fica/Medicare 1,301.00 .00 1,301.00 59.81 .00 1,056.78 244.22 81 818.39 50152 Co. Share Retirement 1,105.00 .00 1,105.00 55.68 .00 991.06 113.94 90 732.51 50154 Health Insurance 6,500.00 .00 6,500.00 261.50 .00 3,648.29 2,851.71 56 3,125.24 50155 Life Insurance 2.00 .00 2.00 .18 .00 1.69 .31 84 1.14 50332 Mileage 1,250.00 .00 1,250.00 .00 .00 940.45 309.55 75 (11.80) 50340 Operating Supplies 1,700.00 .00 1,700.00 .00 .00 2,145.98 (445.98)126 .00 State Account 56173 - Good Neighbor Grant Totals $28,858.00 $0.00 $28,858.00 $1,196.01 $0.00 $23,358.74 $5,499.26 81%$15,934.81 Run by Deanna Regan on 01/04/2024 04:15:28 PM Page 5 of 7 Budget Performance Report Fiscal Year to Date 12/31/23 Include Rollup Account and Rollup to Account Adopted Budget Amended Current Month YTD YTD Budget - YTD % Used/ Account Account Description Budget Amendments Budget Transactions Encumbrances Transactions Transactions Rec'd Prior Year Total Fund 100 - General EXPENSE Department 34 - Forestry State Account 56176 - Donation Projects 50810 Capital Equipment .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 +++2,456.85 State Account 56176 - Donation Projects Totals $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 +++$2,456.85 State Account 56177 - Turkey Stamp State Grant 50290 Contractual Services .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 +++24,732.49 State Account 56177 - Turkey Stamp State Grant Totals $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 +++$24,732.49 Department 34 - Forestry Totals $2,273,368.00 $0.00 $2,273,368.00 $255,536.43 $0.00 $1,897,887.43 $375,480.57 83%$2,302,205.74 EXPENSE TOTALS $2,273,368.00 $0.00 $2,273,368.00 $255,536.43 $0.00 $1,897,887.43 $375,480.57 83%$2,302,205.74 Fund 100 - General Totals REVENUE TOTALS 4,030,952.00 .00 4,030,952.00 448,291.64 .00 4,436,216.54 (405,264.54)110%5,505,402.85 EXPENSE TOTALS 2,273,368.00 .00 2,273,368.00 255,536.43 .00 1,897,887.43 375,480.57 83%2,302,205.74 Fund 100 - General Totals $1,757,584.00 $0.00 $1,757,584.00 $192,755.21 $0.00 $2,538,329.11 ($780,745.11)$3,203,197.11 Fund 430 - Capital Projects Fund REVENUE Department 34 - Forestry 43260 Misc Federal Grant .00 320,380.00 320,380.00 .00 .00 320,379.40 .60 100 .00 43280 FEMA Grant (2022 Delta Project).00 682,500.00 682,500.00 .00 .00 .00 682,500.00 0 .00 43584 43584-002 WI Coastal Funds Grants .00 2,044,513.00 2,044,513.00 .00 .00 2,044,513.00 .00 100 .00 43584 - Totals $0.00 $2,044,513.00 $2,044,513.00 $0.00 $0.00 $2,044,513.00 $0.00 100%$0.00 43586 Knowles-Nelson Grant .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 +++110,000.00 46813 Land Acquisition NL .00 .00 .00 5,000.00 .00 5,000.00 (5,000.00)+++1,523,844.67 48500 Donations .00 .00 .00 8,000.00 .00 8,000.00 (8,000.00)+++.00 48590 48590-003 Contributions Other Municipalities .00 12,500.00 12,500.00 .00 .00 12,500.00 .00 100 12,500.00 48590 - Totals $0.00 $12,500.00 $12,500.00 $0.00 $0.00 $12,500.00 $0.00 100%$12,500.00 48900 All Other Revenue .00 .00 .00 8,000.00 .00 8,000.00 (8,000.00)+++.00 Department 34 - Forestry Totals $0.00 $3,059,893.00 $3,059,893.00 $21,000.00 $0.00 $2,398,392.40 $661,500.60 78%$1,646,344.67 REVENUE TOTALS $0.00 $3,059,893.00 $3,059,893.00 $21,000.00 $0.00 $2,398,392.40 $661,500.60 78%$1,646,344.67 EXPENSE Department 34 - Forestry State Account 55205 - WI Coastal Fund Grants 50252 Purchase of Land=NL .00 1,965,000.00 1,965,000.00 .00 .00 1,965,000.00 .00 100 62,245.00 State Account 55205 - WI Coastal Fund Grants Totals $0.00 $1,965,000.00 $1,965,000.00 $0.00 $0.00 $1,965,000.00 $0.00 100%$62,245.00 State Account 56132 - USFS Community Forests Grants 50252 Purchase of Land=NL .00 320,380.00 320,380.00 .00 .00 320,379.40 .60 100 .00 Run by Deanna Regan on 01/04/2024 04:15:28 PM Page 6 of 7 Budget Performance Report Fiscal Year to Date 12/31/23 Include Rollup Account and Rollup to Account Adopted Budget Amended Current Month YTD YTD Budget - YTD % Used/ Account Account Description Budget Amendments Budget Transactions Encumbrances Transactions Transactions Rec'd Prior Year Total Fund 430 - Capital Projects Fund EXPENSE Department 34 - Forestry State Account 56132 - USFS Community Forests Grants Totals $0.00 $320,380.00 $320,380.00 $0.00 $0.00 $320,379.40 $0.60 100%$0.00 State Account 57100 - Capital Expenditures 50240 Repair & Maintenance .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 140.00 (140.00)+++.00 50252 Purchase of Land=NL .00 1,350,012.00 1,350,012.00 10,667.64 .00 1,362,920.03 (12,908.03)101 184,677.80 50290 Contractual Services 10,000.00 695,000.00 705,000.00 .00 .00 7,610.48 697,389.52 1 763,157.89 50310 Office Supplies .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 +++749.98 50390 Other Supplies and Expense .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 1,176.00 (1,176.00)+++303.96 50810 Capital Equipment 304,000.00 .00 304,000.00 72,500.00 .00 245,541.12 58,458.88 81 51,599.27 50820 Capital Improvements 70,000.00 .00 70,000.00 8,717.00 .00 61,502.14 8,497.86 88 16,563.95 State Account 57100 - Capital Expenditures Totals $384,000.00 $2,045,012.00 $2,429,012.00 $91,884.64 $0.00 $1,678,889.77 $750,122.23 69%$1,017,052.85 Department 34 - Forestry Totals $384,000.00 $4,330,392.00 $4,714,392.00 $91,884.64 $0.00 $3,964,269.17 $750,122.83 84%$1,079,297.85 EXPENSE TOTALS $384,000.00 $4,330,392.00 $4,714,392.00 $91,884.64 $0.00 $3,964,269.17 $750,122.83 84%$1,079,297.85 Fund 430 - Capital Projects Fund Totals REVENUE TOTALS .00 3,059,893.00 3,059,893.00 21,000.00 .00 2,398,392.40 661,500.60 78%1,646,344.67 EXPENSE TOTALS 384,000.00 4,330,392.00 4,714,392.00 91,884.64 .00 3,964,269.17 750,122.83 84%1,079,297.85 Fund 430 - Capital Projects Fund Totals ($384,000.00)($1,270,499.00)($1,654,499.00)($70,884.64)$0.00 ($1,565,876.77)($88,622.23)$567,046.82 Grand Totals REVENUE TOTALS 4,030,952.00 3,059,893.00 7,090,845.00 469,291.64 .00 6,834,608.94 256,236.06 96%7,151,747.52 EXPENSE TOTALS 2,657,368.00 4,330,392.00 6,987,760.00 347,421.07 .00 5,862,156.60 1,125,603.40 84%3,381,503.59 Grand Totals $1,373,584.00 ($1,270,499.00)$103,085.00 $121,870.57 $0.00 $972,452.34 ($869,367.34)$3,770,243.93 Run by Deanna Regan on 01/04/2024 04:15:28 PM Page 7 of 7 Budget Performance Report Fiscal Year to Date 12/31/23 Include Rollup Account and Rollup to Account No. () () 2023 YEAR END BUDGET AMENDMENTS FORESTRY AND PARKS DEPARTMENT WHEREAS, as per Wisconsin State Statute 28.11(9)(d), Bayfield County is required to distribute 10% of net timber sale proceeds to towns that contain county forest lands; WHEREAS, the 2023 expense budget for the 10% net timber sale receipts due to Towns (100-34-56125-50590) was $326,500.00; WHEREAS, the combined 2023 revenue budget for county forest stumpage (100- 34-46811 & 100-34-46815) was $3,275,000.00; WHEREAS, the actual county forest timber sale revenue for CY 2023 was $3,542,059.19; WHEREAS, the required 10% timber sale payment due to the towns totaled $354,205.92; WHEREAS, the required 10% timber sale payment due to the towns exceeded the expense budget by $27,705.92; WHEREAS, the Department administers over 450 miles of designated, state funded snowmobile trails in Bayfield County; WHEREAS, maintenance of the snowmobile trails is funded by the Wisconsin DNR at a rate of $300.00 per mile; WHEREAS, when general maintenance costs exceed the base funding amount, supplemental snowmobile trail aids are made available, by the Wisconsin DNR, to cover up to 100% of the overage; WHEREAS, for the 2022/2023 snowmobile season, actual maintenance expenses were at an all-time high, exceeding the budgeted amount by over $135,000.00; Resolution WHEREAS, the supplemental snowmobile trail aids funds covered the overage at the rate of 100%, but a portion of the reimbursement revenue will not arrive until 2024; WHEREAS, over the course of the year, numerous previously unbudgeted grants and/or aids were received to address specific projects, resulting in expenses that exceeded the budget, but will be offset by matching revenue, including: 1. County Conservation Aids: $15,000.00; 2. Knowles-Nelson Stewardship Grant: $5,481.00; 3. State Sustainable Forestry Grant: $3,070.00 NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, that the Bayfield County Board of Supervisors, meeting this 30th day of January, 2024 approve the following 2023 budget amendments: Increase 2023 10% Timber Sales Due Towns expense line: 100-34-56125-50590 by $27,706.00; Increase 2023 Sale of Wood-CFL-County Share revenue line: 100-34-46811 by $28,935.00; Increase 2023 10% County Forestry-Towns revenue line: 100-34-46815 by $2,771.00; Increase 2023 Snowmobile Trail Maint. Grants expense line: 100-34-55442-50240 by $135,312.00; Increase 2023 State Grant – Snowmobile Trails revenue line: 100-34-43572 by $135,312.00; Increase 2023 Knowles-Nelson Grant expense line: 100-34-56105-50290 by $5,484.00; Increase 2023 Knowles-Nelson Grant revenue line: 100-34-43586 by $5,484.00; Increase 2023 Conservation Match 50/50 NL expense line: 100-34-56170-50290 by $15,000.00; Increase 2023 Conservation Aids 50/50 NL revenue line: 100-34-43582 by $11,000.00. 1 Land Management Plan Sand River Headwaters Community Forest Bayfield County Forest October 2023 1. Description of Property This management plan applies to the property known as the Sand River Headwaters Community Forest (“Property”). The Property is owned by Bayfield County and has been enrolled under Wisconsin’s County Forest Law (CFL, §28.10 and §28.11). The Property was purchased in 2023, in part, with grants obtained from the U.S. Forest Service Community Forest Program and the National Coastal Zone Management Program’s Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA)/Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL) and Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The Property is comprised of 2,001 acres and distributed over five separate parcels (units). The parcels range in size from 111 acres to 640 acres. All parcels are located in the northern half of Bayfield County, Wisconsin, within the Bayfield Peninsula, in the Towns of Bayfield and Bell. All parcels are positioned within the Lake Superior Basin and Superior Coastal Plain Ecological Landscape. See Exhibit A for the location of each parcel (legal description and parcel ID numbers) and Exhibit B through G for maps of the parcels. The parcels are primarily situated within the Sand River watershed, with one parcel also located within the watershed of the Siskiwit River. Sand River is classified as a Class II, cold water trout stream, is roughly 18 miles in length, and forms a small, but important estuary where it enters Lake Superior. This Property protects roughly two miles of the Sand River, including its headwaters. Table 1 below summarizes the total acres per primary cover type currently found on each parcel. The Property has been intensively managed by a variety of different industrial landowners over the past half century. Aspen is the most dominant primary cover type, comprising roughly 61% of the total acreage base. Red pine, primarily as plantations, is the second most dominant type, covering about 16% Table 1: Summary of Acres per Primary Cover Type per Parcel Aspen Red Oak N. Hardwood*Red Pine White Pine Black Spruce Water Grass Total 1 Siskiwit Lake 15 0 42 301 22 53 7 0 440 2 Star Rte. Rd.263 147 138 12 4 3 0 3 570 3 McCutcheon Rd.609 0 0 0 0 0 31 0 640 4 Hwy. 13 101 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 111 5 Sand Pt. Rd.223 3 14 0 0 0 0 0 240 1,211 150 194 323 26 56 38 3 2,001 * Includes the Red Maple type. Total Primary Cover Type (Acres)Parcel Location 2 of the Property. Northern hardwood (10%) and red oak (7%) make up the next two most common cover types. A general description of each cover type per parcel is as follows: Parcel 1: this parcel is the only one located in the Town of Bell, primarily within the Siskiwit River watershed. The remaining four parcels are all located in the Town of Bayfield. Parcel 1 is situated between Siskiwit and Perch Lakes, contains a major tributary that connects the two water bodies and also contains numerous minor beaver ponds and associated meadows. Parcel 1 is also the only unit not dominated by aspen. Red pine is the most dominant cover type, with plantations covering just over 300 acres (or about 68% of the total Property area) in this unit. The oldest plantations originated in 1982 (106 acres), with the youngest originating in 2022 (18 acres). Over 93% of the red pine located within the Property can be found in this parcel. A mature, 42 acre stand of northern hardwood (primarily dominated by lower quality red maple), as well as mature stands of black spruce (54 acres) and white pine (22 acres) round out the primary dominant cover types within this parcel. Also, nearly 70 acres of this parcel are classified as wetlands. Parcel 2: while the aspen type is the most common in this parcel (over 260 acres, covering roughly 46%), stands of red oak and northern hardwoods are also well represented, at nearly 150 and 140 acres, respectively. The northern hardwood type contains a mixture of younger stands dominated primarily by red maple, as well as mature stands with heavier components of sugar maple and basswood. Most of the red oak stands are mature and have been managed (primarily thinned) within the last decade. A mature, 12 acre red pine plantation is also located on this parcel, adjacent to Star Route Rd. The headwaters of the Sand River, as well as nearly one mile of frontage on the Sand River, is contained within the parcel. Parcel 3: this section of land is dominated almost entirely by aspen, in various age classes. The aspen type comprises nearly 610 acres of this parcel, or roughly 95% of the acreage base. A roughly 30 acre beaver pond and associated meadow make up the remaining land base. Roughly ¾ mile of the Sand River is located within the southeast corner of this parcel. A significant level of tributaries (nearly 2 miles collectively) of the Sand River are also located within this parcel and nearly 100 acres of the land base is classified as wetlands. Parcel 4: this unit is the smallest of the five parcels and is bisected by State Highway 13. This unit is also heavily dominated by aspen, with over 100 acres or nearly 91% of the acreage base in the aspen type. A mature red pine plantation comprises the remaining 10 acres. This parcel also contains over one mile of significant tributaries to the Sand River. Parcel 5: nearly 93% of the acreage base located within this parcel is dominated by the aspen type. Most of the aspen is less than 20 years old. Some mature stands exist within this unit, but are primarily located within riparian management zones that were left to protect the numerous minor drainages that connect to the Sand River. There are nearly 1 ½ miles of significant tributaries to the Sand River in this parcel. Smaller stands of northern hardwood and red oak are also scattered throughout the unit, but, collectively, only comprise about 7% of the land base, a few of which are also located within riparian management zones. 3 2. Management of Property The Property has been enrolled under Wisconsin’s County Forest Law (CFL) and has been added to the Bayfield County Forest (BCF). The BCF is managed by Bayfield County through the Bayfield County Forestry and Parks Department (Department). CFL is administered by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR). The BCF is the third largest county forest in Wisconsin at nearly 178,500 acres. Collectively, there are over 2.4 million acres of County Forest lands within the state of Wisconsin. The Property has also been added to the Department’s inventory system and will be managed according to the BCF Comprehensive Land Use Plan (Plan), as directed by CFL, and administered by the DNR. Maintaining a DNR approved Plan is one of many requirements of CFL. The Plan is dynamic, with a full, mandatory update required every 15 years. As per the Plan, the Department produces annual work plans that govern the primary management goals and objectives of the BCF for each calendar year. Annual accomplishment reporting is also a requirement of the Plan. All stands found within the five parcels that comprise the Property have been assigned management prescriptions based on current and desired future conditions, as directed through the Plan. Once each stand is entered into the inventory database, the Department will track routine and regular inspections, as well as project anticipated future treatments. The sustainable harvest goal for each primary forest type across the entire BCF is developed annually, as per the annual work plan, that is based, in part, on the inventory data for each stand. For reference, copies of the Plan and annual work plan can be found on the Department’s website at: https://www.bayfieldcounty.wi.gov/140/Forestry-Parks. The BCF is dual certified. As part of the BCF, the Property will also be maintained to the independent standards of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) certifications. CFL enables and encourages the planned development and management of County Forests for the optimal and sustainable production of forest products for reasonable revenue, as well as numerous other amenities, including, but not limited to, public recreational opportunities, wildlife habitat, watershed protection, and stabilization of stream flow. It requires the County to maintain numerous sustainability standards and is subjected to extensive regular audits and oversight by the DNR. While CFL emphasizes timber production, the Department also manages the BCF to minimize impacts from flooding, wildfire, and insect and disease outbreaks, as well as human threats such as fragmentation, over utilization, environmental degradation, climate change and excessive development. The Property would receive regular stand exams and annual sampling as part of the County’s robust Continuous Forest Inventory (CFI) program. These initiatives regularly evaluate current conditions and anticipate change. The CFI program is very similar to the national Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program. A total of roughly 670 permanent CFI plots have been installed throughout the entire county forest to monitor the growth and development. CFI data will also produce a wealth of information to assist in the planning and decision-making over the short and long term. Metrics and/or questions like annual volume growth per cover type, product and/or quality development, responses to forest management, the extent of invasive species, impacts of insects and/or disease, carbon storage and sequestration rates, impacts of climate change, etc., will all be attainable with the robust and statistically sound information gleaned from CFI. An appropriate number of CFI plots would also be installed on the 2,001 acres acquired in this transaction. 4 While not immediately impacting the Property, the County has enrolled nearly all of the BCF into a voluntary carbon offset program. The County has partnered with Anew Climate (formerly Bluesource) to develop and maintain a project for participation in the voluntary carbon offset market under the American Carbon Registry Improved Forest Management Program. Incorporating ways to improve carbon sequestration will be addressed through existing forest management philosophies and principles, as well as part of evolving carbon management strategies for the BCF, including, but not limited to, (1) maintaining or increasing the extent of forest cover; (2) managing to sustain fundamental ecological functions; (3) reducing carbon losses from natural disturbances and invasive species; (4) maintaining or enhancing existing carbon stocks while retaining or improving forest character, diversity and structure; (5) enhancing carbon sequestration capacity by improving forest health and productivity, while increasing biodiversity and forest complexity. Carbon stocks will be monitored over time as part of the Department’s Continuous Forest Inventory Program (which will also include the Target Properties). Overall, the Department is committed to the sustainable management of the BCF (which now includes the Property) in a manner that will maintain healthy, productive and vigorous ecosystems, while also providing a plethora of public benefits, as statutorily required by CFL and as obligated via the voluntary forest certifications and carbon offset programs, for current and future generations. Table 2 below summarizes the anticipated management activities (treatments) that are scheduled for various stands located within each parcel. Treatments were prescribed based on a stand level inventory that was completed by the Department in fall 2023, as part of the formal inventory process. Table 2 groups the anticipated future treatment types into three distinct categories: 1) even-aged; 2) all- aged; and 3) thinning. Even-aged treatments are generally prescribed to start a new age class for the targeted cover type and remove (through harvest) most of the mature trees within a stand. These can include final regeneration harvests (clear-cut), as well as shelterwood, seed-tree management or other similar even-aged management scenarios. All-aged and thinning prescriptions typically only remove a small percentage of the mature trees, while maintaining the existing primary cover type. These can include single-tree selection, row thinnings (plantations), group, patch or gap harvests or similar management scenarios where significantly more trees are retained than removed. Refer to the Plan for more detailed information on the differences between the various treatment types. Table 2: Summary of Anticipated Management Activities Between 2024-2035 (Acres) Aspen Red Oak N. Hardwood*Red Pine White Pine Black Spruce Even-Aged 0 0 42 0 0 7 49 Thinning 0 0 0 205 0 0 205 Even-Aged 2 29 0 0 0 0 31 All-Aged 0 111 0 0 0 0 111 Thinning 0 0 0 11 3 0 14 3 Even-Aged 114 0 0 0 0 0 114 114 Even-Aged 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 Thinning 0 0 0 10 0 0 10 5 Even-Aged 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 119 143 42 226 3 7 540 540 * Includes the Red Maple type. Total Total Per Parcel Total 254 156 13 1 2 4 Primary Cover TypeTreatment TypeParcel 5 A general description of the anticipated management activities within each parcel, between 2024-2035, is as follows: Parcel 1: Parcel 1 contains a few larger stands that are ready for immediate management (in 2024- 2025). Roughly 42 acres of northern hardwood (dominated by lower quality red maple with a component of red oak) and 68 acres of red pine are ready for treatment in the next two years. An additional 137 acres of red pine (all plantations) will be ready for a thinning between 2026-2029. Parcel 2: Most of the red oak stands throughout the Property that are mature and ready for management are located in parcel 2. A little over 110 acres of red oak are scheduled for all-aged thinning/group selection between 2024-2025. These stands are generally medium quality and contain good representations of sugar maple and basswood. An additional roughly 28 acres are scheduled for a regeneration harvest (even-aged) in 2024. The oak stands slated for a regeneration harvest were intensively managed by the previous landowner. Roughly 11 acres of red pine (plantation) and 3 acres of natural origin white pine are slated for a thinning in 2024. Parcel 3: Parcel 3 is dominated by various age classes of aspen. This parcel contains one larger stand of aspen that is mature and ready for immediate management. This 113 acre stand will likely be established for a regeneration harvest in 2024. No other management is expected to occur within this parcel over the next ten-year period. Parcel 4: This parcel also contains numerous age-classes of aspen. The only other primary cover type represented in this parcel is a roughly 10 acre, mature red pine plantation. This plantation is scheduled to be thinned in 2025. No other treatments are expected to occur within parcel 4 over the next ten-year period. Parcel 5: Much of this parcel was harvested by the previous industrial landowner around the year 2005. As such, only a few small, isolated parcels of mature timber remain. A roughly 3 acre stand of red oak is scheduled to be regenerated in 2030, but, to be considered feasible, that treatment would need to be combined with other management nearby. As a result, timber management in parcel 5 isn’t expected to occur for another 30+ years. To highlight forest management that is expected to occur relatively soon, Table 3 below summarizes the above anticipated timber management activities over the next five year period (2024-2028). Table 3: Summary of Anticipated Management Activities Between 2024-2028 (Acres) Aspen Red Oak N. Hardwood*Red Pine White Pine Even-Aged 0 0 42 0 0 42 Thinning 0 0 0 99 0 99 Even-Aged 2 29 0 0 0 31 All-Aged 0 111 0 0 0 111 Thinning 0 0 0 11 3 14 3 Even-Aged 112 0 0 0 0 112 112 4 Thinning 0 0 0 10 0 10 10 5 Even-Aged 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 114 140 42 120 3 419 419 * Includes the Red Maple type. Total 1 141 2 156 Parcel Treatment Type Primary Cover Type Total Total Per Parcel 6 In total, it is anticipated that nearly 420 acres of land will be managed within the Property over the next five-year period. Tables 2 and 3 above describe active forest management activities expected to occur on the Property between 2024 and 2035. Actual management activities are subject to change based on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to: updated stand conditions; responses to previous management; biotic and/or abiotic stressors; or similar elements that have the potential to influence stand development. Additionally, as part of the inventory process, numerous stands will also be managed, but will not involve harvesting timber. Throughout the BCF, many stands have been managed passively and removed from future timber management considerations. The reasons to manage stands passively are numerous and can include, but are not limited to: riparian management zone protection; wetland protection; sensitive sites; highly erodible soils and/or slopes; unique geological features; unique historical features; and other similar conditions where protection of unique natural resources or sites is warranted. See the Plan for more detailed information regarding passive management of the BCF. Throughout the Property, numerous stands were removed from the harvest schedule. The primary reasons for removal were the protection of riparian management zones or sensitive wetland features. Table 4 below summarizes the total acres that were removed within each parcel: In nearly all instances, the cover types listed above are considered mature and will be managed passively to provide additional protection to more sensitive natural resources, primarily river, tributary or wetland features. This impacts about 350 acres or roughly 17% of the Property. These stands are tagged accordingly in the Department’s database and will not be included as part of the development of annual sustainable harvest goals. It should also be noted that the Property contains no existing structures or buildings of any kind. As such, there will be no plans for improvements to or demolition of structures or similar infrastructure on the Property. 3. Public Access and Recreational Opportunities As per CFL, County Forest lands are open to a variety of public uses. Including hunting, hiking, fishing, trapping and back-country cross-country skiing. The Property will also be open to all forms of Table 4: Summary of Acres Removed From Future Management Consideration Aspen Red Oak N. Hardwood*Red Pine White Pine Black Spruce 1 0 0 0 0 22 48 71 2 28 7 44 0 0 2 83 3 101 0 0 0 0 0 104 4 32 0 0 0 0 0 36 5 55 0 11 0 0 0 71 Total 216 7 55 0 22 50 350 * Includes the Red Maple type. Parcel Primary Cover Type Total 7 compatible and sustainable passive recreational uses, including, but not limited to: nature viewing, berry picking, snowshoeing, firewood gathering, picnicking, rustic camping and similar activities. Counties also have the flexibility to authorize and/or designate numerous other forms of recreation, including, but not limited to: mountain biking; groomed cross-country skiing; horseback riding; various motorized uses, including ATV/UTV, snowmobile, and other vehicular traffic; camping/yurts; etc. See the Plan for references to the variety of recreational opportunities currently permitted on the BCF. Public use of the Property will include all of the recreational opportunities listed above, in accordance with CFL and the Plan. Additional recreational opportunities may be considered in the future, pending further review by the Department and approval of the Forestry and Parks Committee, as per the Plan. Currently, the Property contains a road network of nearly 17 miles. Nearly all of these roads were constructed and maintained specifically for timber management purposes. However, all roads can be used by the public to access the Property. Table 5 below summarizes the total existing road network currently located within each parcel of the Property. As per the Plan, some of these roads will remain open to various forms of motorized use. Other roads occurring on more sensitive sites will be closed to motorized activities, especially if determined to be unsustainable, but will still be available for many non-motorized recreational uses. Additional monitoring and analysis by the Department will be required to determine the future recreational use classification of all existing road infrastructure located within the Property. Many of these roads also provide direct connections to similar existing networks on the BCF and will significantly increase the public use potential of the surrounding area (public lands). The Department will continue to collaborate with supporters and regional interest groups to determine the most feasible and sustainable recreational uses of the Property, in accordance with CFL and the Plan. 4. Objective of the Community Forest and Community Involvement As stated throughout this Community Forest Plan, the Property has been enrolled in CFL and will be managed as part of the BCF. The purpose of CFL, as stated in §28.11, is: “....to provide the basis for a permanent program of county forests and to enable and encourage the planned development and management of the County Forests for optimum production of forest products together with recreational opportunities, wildlife, watershed protection and stabilization of stream flow, giving full recognition to the concept of multiple use to assure maximum public benefits; to protect the public rights, interests and investments in such lands; Table 5: Summary of Existing Roads (Miles) Parcel Miles 1 4.08 2 5.64 3 3.78 4 0.65 5 2.46 Total 16.61 8 and to compensate the counties for the public uses, benefits and privileges these lands provide; all in a manner which will provide a reasonable revenue to the towns in which such lands lie.” Furthermore, the primary mission of the Department, as per the Plan, is: To sustainably manage, conserve and protect the natural resources of the BCF. Multiple-use management of these resources, with a primary emphasis on timber production, in conjunction with other core values like recreational opportunities, watershed and soil protection, biological and ecological diversity, and wildlife habitat, will be applied to ensure a wide variety of forest products and amenities are available to current and future generations. Bayfield County Forest resources will also be managed to minimize impacts from potential natural catastrophes such as flooding, wildfire and insect and disease outbreaks, as well as from human threats, such as encroachment, fragmentation, over-utilization, environmental degradation, climate change and excessive development. The sustainable production of timber products and multiple-use management of these renewable forest resources generate an important source of direct revenue to Bayfield County, as well as the Towns where county forests lie, while also providing a diversity of economic and social benefits to residents, local and regional businesses, and visitors that rely, at least in part, on the forest products, various recreational activities, tourism or other amenities derived from BCF lands. The BCF is managed by the Department and overseen by the Committee, as directed/delegated by the Bayfield County Board of Supervisors (Board), as administered by the DNR. As such, there are many layers of management and oversight. Throughout those various layers, the general public inherently has numerous opportunities and pathways to actively participate or provide comments/input as part of the management process. This includes the development and maintenance of the Plan, annual workplan, and other similar planning documents, like the Community Forest Plan. As part of the management process, the Committee organizes monthly meetings to address matters associated with the governance of the BCF. All of these meetings are publicly noticed and open to the public. The public has numerous opportunities to participate in these Committee meetings, either directly as part of the open public comment period or indirectly through the submission of written comments. The Department will, at times, also solicit public comment or input on specific issues or topics. These solicitations are typically made in a way that involves as many interested parties and the local community as possible. The Department also routinely engages directly with interested parties and local communities, including non-profit organizations, friends groups and other units of government, regarding various matters pertaining to the management of the BCF, including land acquisition projects. The Sand River Headwaters Acquisition is an example of a County project that was supported by numerous organizations, including, but not limited to: Wisconsin Coastal Management Program; Trust For Public Land; Landmark Conservancy; Ceres Timber LLC; Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa; Town of Bayfield (Wisconsin); Town of Bell (Wisconsin); Bayfield County Economic Development Corporation; Bayfield County Tourism Department; Great Lakes Timber Professionals Association; Wisconsin Counties Association; 9 Wisconsin County Forests Association; Northland College; Washburn School District; Bayfield School District; South Shore School District; Wisconsin State Senator Janet Bewley; Wisconsin State Representative Beth Meyers; Louisiana Pacific; Sappi Fine Paper; Futurewood Corporation/Johnson Timber; Wisconsin Hardwoods/Granger Logging; Ericson Logging; PotlatchDeltic; Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources; Ruffed Grouse Society; Trout Unlimited; Little Sioux Bear Hunters Association; Echo Valley Bear Hunters Association; Wisconsin Backcountry Hunters and Anglers; Wisconsin Lake Superior Scenic Byway Committee; Wisconsin Wildlife Federation; Wisconsin Association of Sporting Dog Clubs; Throughout the management of the Property, as part of the BCF, including the maintenance of this Community Forest Management Plan, it is anticipated that the Department will continue collaborations with many of those listed above. Additionally, the general public will continue to have all of the same opportunities to contribute to the development and future maintenance of this dynamic Community Forest Plan. 5. Attachments. The following items are included as part of the Sand River Headwaters Community Forest Plan. A. Exhibit A: legal description and location of each parcel. B. Exhibit B: overview map of the Property. C. Exhibits C-G: separate stand level maps of each parcel. Bayfield 50 5 19 NWNW 33.30 04006250051920200010000 46.800997 -91.048114 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 50 5 30 NWNW 35.40 04006250053020200010000 46.786729 -91.048399 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 50 5 19 NENW 40 04006250051920100010000 46.801181 -91.043104 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 50 5 19 SENW 40 04006250051920400010000 46.797611 -91.043163 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 50 5 19 NESW 40 04006250051930100010000 46.794042 -91.043222 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 50 5 19 SESW 40 04006250051930400010000 46.790472 -91.043280 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 50 5 19 NESE 40 04006250051940100010000 46.794432 -91.033127 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 50 5 19 NWSE 40 04006250051940200010000 46.794237 -91.038174 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 50 5 19 SWSE 40 04006250051940300010000 46.790673 -91.038214 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 50 5 19 SESE 40 04006250051940400010000 46.790874 -91.033148 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 50 5 30 NWNE 40 04006250053010200010000 46.787097 -91.038186 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 50 5 30 NENW 40 04006250053020100010000 46.786913 -91.043293 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 12 NENE 40 04006251051210100010000 46.916793 -90.927816 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 12 NWNE 40 04006251051210200010000 46.916841 -90.933170 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 12 SWNE 40 04006251051210300010000 46.913195 -90.933178 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 12 SENE 40 04006251051210400010000 46.913156 -90.927848 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 12 NENW 40 04006251051220100010000 46.916889 -90.938523 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 12 SENW 40 04006251051220400010000 46.913233 -90.938507 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 15 SENW 40 04006251051520400010000 46.898853 -90.980418 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 15 NESW 35.55 04006251051530100010000 46.895180 -90.980321 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 15 NWSW 35.64 04006251051530200010000 46.895375 -90.985552 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 21 NENE 40 04006251052110100010000 46.888066 -90.990605 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 21 NWNE 40 04006251052110200010000 46.888041 -90.995832 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 21 SWNE 40 04006251052110300010000 46.884353 -90.995879 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 21 SENE 40 04006251052110400010000 46.884376 -90.990629 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 21 NENW 40 04006251052120100010000 46.888015 -91.001058 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 21 NWNW 40 04006251052120200020000 46.887989 -91.006304 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 21 SWNW 40 04006251052120300010000 46.884307 -91.006377 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 21 SENW 40 04006251052120400010000 46.884330 -91.001128 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 21 NESW 40 04006251052130100010000 46.880645 -91.001197 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 21 NWSW 40 04006251052130200010000 46.880625 -91.006468 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 21 SWSW 40 04006251052130300010000 46.876942 -91.006560 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 21 SESW 40 04006251052130400010000 46.876960 -91.001266 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 21 NESE 40 04006251052140100010000 46.880686 -90.990654 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 21 NWSE 40 04006251052140200010000 46.880665 -90.995926 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 21 SWSE 40 04006251052140300010000 46.876978 -90.995973 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 51 5 21 SESE 40 04006251052140400010000 46.876995 -90.990679 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 50 5 19 SWNW 33.30 04006250051920300010000 46.797421 -91.048191 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 50 5 19 NWSW 33.90 04006250051930200010000 46.793846 -91.048269 Forestry (F-1) Bayfield 50 5 19 SWSW 33.90 04006250051930300010000 46.790271 -91.048347 Forestry (F-1) Bell 50 6 21 NESE 40 04010250062140100010000 46.795124 -91.116475 Forestry (F-1) Bell 50 6 21 SESE 40 04010250062140400010000 46.791433 -91.116472 Forestry (F-1) Bell 50 6 22 SWNE 40 04010250062210300010000 46.798508 -91.100529 Forestry (F-1) Bell 50 6 22 NESW 40 04010250062230100010000 46.794968 -91.105863 Forestry (F-1) Bell 50 6 22 NWSW 40 04010250062230200010000 46.795064 -91.111170 Forestry (F-1) Bell 50 6 22 SWSW 40 04010250062230300010000 46.791415 -91.111173 Forestry (F-1) Bell 50 6 22 SESW 40 04010250062230400010000 46.791324 -91.105881 Forestry (F-1) Bell 50 6 22 NWSE 40 04010250062240200010000 46.794871 -91.100559 Forestry (F-1) Bell 50 6 22 SWSE 40 04010250062240300010000 46.791229 -91.100599 Forestry (F-1) Bell 50 6 27 NWNE 40 04010250062710200010000 46.787591 -91.100604 Forestry (F-1) Bell 50 6 27 NENW 40 04010250062720100010000 46.787689 -91.105881 Forestry (F-1) Total 2,001 Zoning Status Exhibit A: Sand River Headwaters Acquisition - Location of Target Property Latitude LongitudeCounty Parcel ID Number (PIN) Township Name Town (N) Range (W)Section Description Acres (Deed) Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest Bayfield County Forest Bayfield County Forest Bark Bay Slough SNA Big Bay State Park A p o s t l e I s l a n d N a t i o n a l L a k e s h o r e Gaylord Nelson Wilderness Red Cliff Reservation LAKE SUPERIOR Siskiwit Lake Bark Bay Siskiwit Bay ChequamegonBay Perch Lake UV13 C r e e k N O 1 OnionRiver Lo s t C r eek NO 2 Re d C liff Creek E a stFo r k F l ag Ri ve r Lost Creek N O3 B arkRiver Cranberry River Sio u x R iver FourmileCreek EastForkCra n b erry Riv e r Rack e t Cree k N o r th PikesCreek R a s pb erry R i v er Pikes Creek LittleSio u x R i v e r S is k iwit R iv er FlagRiver Sand R i v e r BAYFIELD CORNUCOPIA HERBSTER Sand River Headwaters Previous addition from Ceres Timber Trust for Public Land completed land protection project Red Cliff Reservation boundary Wilderness boundary (NPS) National Park Service Forest Service State County 0 2.5 5 Miles ± MN IA WI MI CANADA Sand Riv e r H e a d w a ter s PR OP O SE D A D DI T I O N T O B A Y FI E L D C O U N TY F OR ES T B A Y F I E L D C O U N TY , W IS C O N S I N October 18, 2022.Copyright © Trust for Public Land. Trust for Public Land and Trust for Public Land logo are federally registeredmarks of Trust for Public Land. Information on this map is provided for purposes of discussion and visualization only.www.tpl.org 1 Forestry and Parks Department Operating Work Plan For Calendar Year 2024 Executive Summary Below are highlights of the 2024 work plan, with a focus on the more significant goals of the county forest program. For more detailed information, including campgrounds or other rec activities not associated with the county forest, please see the work plan. 1. Sustainable Timber Harvest Goal: 3,950 acres. This represents a slight decrease of 90 acres (roughly 2%) when compared to the goal for 2023 (4,040 acres). Below are the more notable highlights of the sustainable harvest goal: a. Swamp Hardwood and Conifer: The goals for the swamp hardwood and conifer types (i.e. stands dominated by black ash, black spruce and/or tamarack) will continue to be paused. Very poor markets for ash and other swamp species, primarily driven by the closure of the Verso mills (in WI Rapids and Duluth), is the primary reason for the pause. In 2021 and 2022, the combined harvest goal for these swamp types was 524 acres. The 2023 harvest goal was set at 0 acres. This is also the goal for 2024. b. Aspen: At over 80,000 acres, aspen is the largest cover type on the forest. The 2024 harvest goal for the aspen type is 955 acres. This marks a significant decrease when compared to the goal for 2023 (1,205 acres). Changes in the management approach (a delay) in some of the near mature age classes is the primary reason for the decrease. c. Red Pine: The harvest goal for the red pine type is 1,175 acres. This is a slight increase when compared to the 2023 goal (1,059 acres). d. Jack Pine: The harvest goal for jack pine is 73 acres. A slight decrease when compared to the goal for 2023 (80 acres). e. Red Oak: The harvest goal for the red oak type is 660 acres. A slight decrease when compared to 2023 (691 acres). Natural variability in the number of stands ready for management and extending rotations (thinning rather than regenerating) on higher quality sites in the northern units are the primary reasons for the slight decrease. f. Scrub Oak: The harvest goal for the scrub oak type is 100 acres. A slight decrease when compared to 2023 (113 acres). Extended rotations, a limited number of manageable stands, and maintaining structural and habitat diversity are some of the primary reasons for the decrease. g. Northern Hardwood: The harvest goal for the northern hardwood type is 765 acres. A slight increase when compared to 2023 (748 acres). 2. Reforestation: Artificial (planting and/or seeding): a. Planting: 212 acres. i. Red Pine: 212 acres. All containerized seedlings. About 170,000 trees planted. b. Seeding: 140 acres. All jack pine. Locally sourced. Roughly 27 pounds total. 2 c. Seedling Protection. Approximately 150 acres. To address issues associated with deer browse. Mostly seeded jack pine sites, but will also include some red pine plantations. d. Site Preparation: 523 acres. Includes mechanical prep and spraying. e. Monitoring: 1,340 acres, covering 23 stands. Seeded and planted sites. 3. Reforestation: Natural: a. Roughly 2,000 to 2,500 acres. All stands managed with a regeneration harvest, that aren’t planted or seeded, are regenerated naturally. b. Monitoring: 2,172 acres, covering 74 stands. Using the Competitive Regeneration Survey (CRS). 4. Inventory and Monitoring: a. Compartment Updates: 10,000 acres. A re-inventory of the forest, one compartment at a time. The goal is for a complete re-inventory every 16 to 18 years. b. Stand Updates: 8,000 acres. i. Natural Pine: 3,000 acres. Targeting mature, natural origin red and white pine to determine future management objectives. ii. Aspen: 5,000 acres. Targeting stands approaching maturity to better predict treatment year and harvest goal expectations. c. Continuous Forest Inventory (CFI): the establishment phase was completed in 2022. A total of 682 permanent plots have been established throughout the forest. Many of these plots are also being used in the carbon project. Now shifting to re- measurement. The goal is to re-measure roughly 1/5 of the plots annually, in perpetuity. i. CFI plot remeasurement: 136 plots. ii. Data analysis: continue working with the DNR regarding the analysis of CFI data and reporting. d. Regeneration Monitoring: when combining the artificial and natural counts listed above, the regeneration monitoring program will be 3,512 acres on 97 different stands. i. Data analysis: continue work with the DNR on the development and implementation of a program/protocols for the analysis of CRS data. 5. Timber Sale Administration: traditionally, anywhere from 60 to 90 sales are active per year, in some way, throughout the forest. An average of approximately 53 new sales are sold every year. As per the end of CY 2023, 142 timber sales were under contract, with 33 different contractors and a total contract value of over $10.0 million. a. Volume Harvested: over the past three years, an average of roughly 84,000 cords are harvested annually from the county forest. b. Stumpage Revenue: over the last three years, total revenues received from the sale of wood (stumpage) have averaged a little over $4.0 million. The total stumpage revenue received in 2023 was a little over $3.542 million. i. Timber prices are predicted to remain relatively poor throughout most of 2024. The 2024 budget for stumpage revenue is $3.387 million and is the largest budget to date. 6. Insects and Disease: insects, disease, invasive species and other natural factors/events (i.e. wind storms, wildfire, etc) have the potential to negatively impact the growth and 3 development of the forest. Some of the more significant include: oak wilt, Emerald Ash Borer, spongy moth, spotted knapweed, and buckthorn. The Department will continue to monitor for outbreaks and infestations and address as resources allow. 7. Barrens and Wildlife Projects: the Department is currently working with NRRI Duluth and the DNR regarding a significant wildlife monitoring project in the Barrens. This includes monitoring the movements and habitat use of sharp-tailed grouse and a breeding bird survey. The results of which would be used to help fine-tune future management strategies within the Barrens. Additional barrens habitat is also being established in the Town of Hughes. Barrens habitat work has become a fairly sizeable workload and will continue in 2024. 8. Forest Carbon: Nearly 160,000 acres of the county forest have been enrolled in a forest carbon offset project, participating in the voluntary market. A few primary goals for 2024 are as follows: a. Credit Issuance. Credits from the first reporting period were registered in June 2023. A total of nearly 559,000 credits were included in that first issuance. In 2024, credits from the second and third reporting periods are also expected to be issued. When combining credits issued through the first three reporting periods, there could be roughly 1.3 million credits on the market in 2024. However, the voluntary forest carbon credit market was very poor in 2023, resulting in 0 sales. Hopefully, the market improves in 2024. b. Project Maintenance. The actual level of resources required to manage a carbon project are still relatively unknown, but are not expected to be significant. However, plot re-measurement, reporting, general project administration, marketing, outreach, etc will all be regular annual workloads. c. Offset Payments. The voluntary forest carbon credit market was extremely volatile in 2023. As a result, no official credit sales were reported. Even though a significant number of credits will be issued by the end of 2024, the poor markets make it difficult to predict returns. The market is expected to improve in 2024, but no revenue has been included in the budget. d. Forest Carbon Offset Reserve Fund (FCOR). The County Offset Reserve Fund (COR) was approved in early 2023. As part of that, the FCOR established a set of criteria and protocols for the investment of some proceeds realized from the sale of carbon credits. If carbon returns are realized in 2024, some initiatives outlined in the FCOR will be set in motion and will become significant workloads for the Department. i. The Department will also continue collaborating with various natural resource professionals regarding the incorporation of carbon/climate metrics into the annual and long-term forest management planning process. This will be ongoing throughout 2024. 9. DNR Partnership Hours: every year, the DNR provides valuable assistance towards the management of the county forest program. The DNR allocates a total of 46,000 hours across all county forest programs in the state. The hours allocated to an individual county forest program are directly proportional to the breadth of activities that occur on the property. In 2024, nearly 4,300 hours will be allocated to the Bayfield County Forest. 10. Land Acquisition Projects. The Department is actively closing two large acquisition projects (Sand River and Bark River) and collaborating with Landmark Conservancy on 4 two new projects (Iron River/Orienta and Whittlesey Creek). Landmark would play a lead role on both new acquisition projects, including securing full funding. A sizeable balance will remain in the land acquisition account, including a balance on an open ARPA grant. Identifying additional land acquisition opportunities will be a priority in 2024. 11. Town Road Aids: continue the administration of up to $60,000 in Town Road improvement projects. This is in addition to the 10% stumpage revenue sharing payments that the towns receive from the sale of wood on county forest lands. 12. Recreation: continue work on the following projects: a. Lost Creek Falls: including some existing trail improvements, as well as improved signage. b. Lake Access: improving public access to lakes on county forest lands, including additional improvements at Perch Lake, Carroll Lake, Richardson Lake, Bismarck Lake, Pine Lake and Jackman Lake (as budgets allow). c. Yurts: continue maintenance and minor improvements to all three yurts and consider options for a 4th rustic camping structure. d. Siskiwit Falls (not county forest): substantial development has occurred from 2021-2023, including the installation of an elevated boardwalk, trail establishment, sign installation parking area construction and kiosk development. Trail improvements will continue in 2024, as well as native prairie restoration of what was a hay field and rehabilitation of an old apple orchard. e. Fire Hill (not county forest): revise existing management plan for the property and establish future goals/direction. f. Brownstone Trail (not county forest): continue working with Landmark Conservancy on the restoration of the property, as per the MOU. g. Pigeon Lake (not county forest): establish a one-year lease with the Board of Regents and commission a site assessment/condition report for the property. May also involve the development of long-term goals/feasibility study. h. Establish an inventory and maintenance schedule for all bridges located on state funded motorized trails under county jurisdiction. i. Recreational Use Agreements and Similar Plans. Recreational use and demand have increased significantly over the past decade. On county forest lands, recreational use is encouraged and embraced. As part of the process, the Department establishes long-term recreational use agreements with clubs/organizations regarding the designation and maintenance of trails on county owned lands. Many rec use agreements will be addressed in 2024, as well as the development of forest management plans in areas that receive more intense rec use (e.g. Cable SMA). A County Board approved annual work plan is a requirement, as per state statute (28.11), to receive the annual County Forest Administrator Grant, which compensates the County for approximately 50% of the salary and fringe for the Forestry and Parks Administrator position. The Forestry and Parks Committee approved the plan during their meeting on January 8, 2024. 1 Forestry & Parks Department 117 East 5th Street - Washburn, WI 54891 Phone: 715-373-6114 - Fax: 715-373-0114 forestry@bayfieldcounty.wi.gov BAYFIELD COUNTY FORESTRY & PARKS DEPARTMENT ANNUAL WORK PLAN January 1 through December 31, 2024 The Bayfield County Forestry and Parks Department Work Plan for calendar year 2024 gives direction and meaning to the Forestry and Parks budget, further defines and supplements the Comprehensive Fifteen Year Land Use Plan, and emphasizes current goals and needs of the County Forest, Parks and Trails Programs. This plan also complies with Chapter NR47 Wisconsin Administrative Rules for the administration of the County Forest Administrator Grant Program. SUSTAINABLE TIMBER HARVEST One of the primary missions of the Bayfield County Forestry and Parks Department (hereafter “Department”) is to manage, conserve, and protect the natural resources of the county forest. Multiple use and sustainable forest management practices will be utilized to provide a wide variety of forest products and amenities for current and future generations. Sustainable forest management is commonly defined as meeting the forest resource needs and values of the present without compromising the similar necessities of future generations. Wisconsin’s county forests are governed under County Forest Law (s. 28.11) and were created to become working forests, with an emphasis on optimizing the production of forest products and maximizing public benefits. Below is the purpose statement as found in s. 28.11(1): The purpose of this section is to provide the basis for a permanent program of county forests and to enable and encourage the planned development and management of the county forests for optimum production of forest products, together with recreational opportunities, wildlife, watershed protection and stabilization of stream flow, giving full recognition to the concept of multiple-use to assure maximum public benefits; to protect the public rights, interests and investments in such lands; and to compensate the counties for the public uses, benefits and privileges these lands provide; all in a manner which will provide a reasonable revenue to the towns in which such lands lie. Partnership with the DNR In accordance with s. 28.11 (County Forest Law), the DNR oversees the county forest program. As per that partnership, the DNR provides an abundance of professional, technical and financial assistance to counties having lands entered in the county forest program. As part of the technical assistance, the DNR allocates a total of 46,000 hours, statewide, to counties having lands enrolled in the county forest program. January 20, 2021 2 The amount of technical assistance (termed “time standards”) dedicated to each county is determined through a fairly complex formula. Past, present and future workloads are incorporated into the formula to determine the general scope of a county forest program and, subsequently, the level of assistance required by each county. Timber sale establishment, reforestation, regeneration monitoring, reconnaissance, timber sale administration, road and trail maintenance, as well as time associated with certification, work planning, various meetings, other professional services, and all associated paperwork (and more) are all part of the calculation. If the total request from all counties exceeds the 46,000 hour annual threshold, a general proration is adopted to equally adjust the final figure accordingly. Time standards were recalculated in 2022. The new time standards are effective July 1, 2022 through June 30, 2027. For this next five year period, Bayfield County requested 4,817 hours of assistance. After all requests from other county forest programs were considered, a prorate of roughly 88% was applied. On the Bayfield County Forest, the annual time commitment allocated by the DNR to the county, after the pro-rate was applied, has been calculated at 4,271 hours. This is the largest time commitment from the DNR to date. The previous time standard calculation was pro-rated to 3,640 hours/year. The significant increase in hours (when compared to the previous five years) is a direct reflection of the growth in various forest management programs that has occurred over the past five+ years, including, but not limited to: barrens management (primarily as it pertains to prescribed burning), timber sale establishment, timber sale administration, reforestation, regeneration monitoring (including CRS), forest reconnaissance (compartment and stand inventory), invasive species control, etc. As part of the 4,271 hour time commitment, the DNR provides assistance in a variety of areas, including, but not limited to: 1. Establishment of timber sales. Roughly 20% to 25% of the annual sustainable harvest goal is accomplished by DNR foresters. 2. Forest reconnaissance (both compartment and stand updates). 3. Forest stand data entry (WisFIRS, see below) and maintenance. 4. Continuous Forest Inventory (CFI) plot sampling/data collection. 5. Regeneration monitoring, both artificial and natural. 6. Timber stand improvements (TSI). 7. Timber sale administration. 8. Barrens management, primarily as it pertains to prescribed burning, but could also involve roller chopping or similar mechanical treatments. 9. Mechanical site preparation for natural regeneration. 10. Mechanical site preparation for artificial regeneration. 11. County forest road and trail construction and maintenance. 12. Road right of way and wildlife (game) opening mowing/maintenance. 13. Support from professional forest management specialists, including forest hydrologists, wildlife biologists, forest ecologists, forest health specialists, GIS specialists, etc. 14. Support, manage and administer the county forest group certifications, for both SFI and FSC (both forest certificates are administered by the DNR through a group format). 15. Assistance in the development and maintenance of the comprehensive land use and annual work plans. 3 16. Function as a catalyst for the transfer of technology and professional or scientific information, as well as providing opportunities for training or enhancement. 17. Financial support through various grants, aids and loans. Forest Certification The Bayfield County Forest is dual, third party certified (as part of the Wisconsin County Forest Program group certificates, which are managed by the DNR). For the past decade plus, the Department has maintained forest certificates with both SFI (Sustainable Forestry Initiative) and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council). The DNR maintains all aspects (administratively and financially) of both the SFI and FSC group certificates. The standards, principles and/or strategic direction of each non-profit, independent forest certifying body are developed by their respective board members and staff, which include representation from conservation organizations, academia, tribal entities, family forest owners, private forest landowners, public forest landowners and the forest products industry. Each certifying organization is further structured into three sectors (SFI) or chambers (FSC), incorporating environmental, social and economic components. This diversity reflects the wide variety of interests in the forest management community. As part of certification, the county forest management program is audited annually against the strict standards, guidelines and principles of each independent organization. Maintenance audits are performed annually, with full re-certification audits occurring every five years. Audits are generally held on a different subset of county forest properties every year. If an opportunity for improvement or corrective action is identified, the Wisconsin County Forests Association (WCFA) works with the DNR to resolve the issue. Re-certification audits are far more intense and in depth than annual compliance audits and, as such, require far more resources to complete. In August 2019, Bayfield County was one of four counties selected for a full re- certification audit (Douglas, Ashland and Barron were the other three counties). Maintaining forest certification isn’t a mandate. The Department invites each certifying entity to analyze and scrutinize our management of the forest. We ask them to subject our forest management practices, plans and principles to their strict, rigid and dynamic internal standards, principles and guidelines. Maintaining one certificate, let alone two, is a significant commitment and demonstrates the county’s desire to ensure the public that we have some of the best managed forests in the country. The Department will continue working with each independent certifying body, as well as the DNR. The results of the audit help to solidify and to reaffirm that the county forest is sustainably managed, not only to the standards and expectations of those auditing and overseeing the program, but also to the professional principles and values exhibited and demanded by the Committee and all staff members within the Department. Sustainable Harvest Goals As of December 1, 2023, the Bayfield County Forest totals 178,387.06 acres, making it the third largest county forest in the state. Of that total, 175,347.06 are classified as county forest lands, 4 while the remaining 3,040.00 acres are listed as special use lands. The special use lands are all located within the Bibon Swamp Special Management Area. Optimizing the production of forest products was the primary reason the county forest program was developed. Timber harvests are important for the economic well-being of Bayfield County, as well as for the health and vigor of the forest. One of the major objectives of timber management is to produce a perpetual sustained yield of forest products. In part, this is realized through the analysis and scheduling of forest stands for management and, ultimately, the development of sustainable annual and long term harvest goals. Implementation of sound, professionally recognized forest management and harvesting techniques is an essential part of the process. Numerous criteria are analyzed when developing short and long term sustainable forest management goals. Existing reconnaissance data (as entered and compiled in WisFIRS, short for Wisconsin Forest Inventory and Reporting System, a data management application developed and maintained by the WDNR), along with thorough field inspections conducted by professional Department and DNR foresters, will be used to determine which stands are ready for treatment. More recently (implemented in 2018), the adoption of an extensive Continuous Forest Inventory (CFI) program will yield additional information on the growth and development of the forest. This information will also be used to assist in the development of short and long term goals. See page 39 for more information on the CFI program. Short or long term adjustments to the management approaches or philosophies of specific forest types may also be incorporated in the goal development process. Such modifications may be needed as a means to address numerous challenges that eventually (or inevitably) arise over the course of managing a vast and diverse forested resource. Some of which include: addressing unbalanced age class distributions; the management direction of timber types where a large percentage of the acreage base is either at or approaching maturity; unpredicted or unexpected responses to previous silvicultural treatments; response to insect or disease outbreaks or other natural events (i.e. wind storms, extended drought, Emerald Ash Borer, gypsy moth defoliation); challenges regarding natural or artificial regeneration (i.e. deer browse or other forms of herbivory, invasive species control, competition from undesirable vegetation, etc); incorporation of carbon metrics; and responses to research or other professional recommendations regarding the management approaches of specific forest types or communities. In addition, the long-term monitoring of stands that have previously received treatment is crucial in determining the success of past management practices. The results of previous management will also aid in the development and implementation of future prescriptions. • The estimated 2024 sustainable timber harvest goal for the Bayfield County Forest is 3,950 acres. This represents a decrease of 90 acres (roughly 2%) when compared to the harvest goal for 2023 (4,040 acres). Sustainable harvest goals are generated for every major timber type on the forest. In general, data is analyzed internally and goals are established, by the Department, for each primary management type/method (i.e. thinning, uneven-aged management and even-aged management). 5 Below are the harvest goals per primary forest type: In addition, whenever possible, each management goal is further summarized by Integrated Resource Management Unit (IRMU). Establishing a goal per IRMU ensures that management is equally distributed throughout the forest (to the extent feasible) and that minor nuances inherently found within each unit are addressed independently, with adjustments made to the goal accordingly, and as needed. As previously stated, numerous factors have the potential to influence the harvest goal for any given year. Below is a brief summary regarding the 2024 management approaches, issues, philosophies, and/or direction for the major timber types on the forest: Jack Pine: At roughly 11,500 acres, jack pine is the fifth largest timber type on the county forest. It’s also a very young type, with over 50% of the acreage base less than 20 years old and nearly 90% less than 35 years old. Jack pine exists in basically two areas on the forest, all within the Northwest Sands Ecological landscape. Roughly 2,500 acres occurs on sandy soils in the northern parts of the county (mostly east of Valhalla – on the northeastern most fringe of the NW Sands) and roughly 9,000 acres in the barrens areas located between Iron River and Barnes. Most of the jack pine stands located in the barrens north of Barnes are part of the Barnes Barrens Management Area (BBMA). Currently, roughly 7,000 acres of jack pine is located within the BBMA. This special management area was formally designated in 2012 with the goal of developing and maintaining critically important Pine Barrens habitat through the simultaneous management of jack pine and open/early successional barrens. Among other things, the Barrens Management plan defines operational parameters and guidelines that must be followed to achieve Table 1: Sustainable Timber Harvest Goal (acres) Timber Type 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Aspen 1,420 1,415 1,615 1,600 1,305 1,205 955 Northern Hardwood 720 780 818 782 765 748 765 Red Maple 0 50 89 44 76 25 40 Red Oak 795 700 671 681 733 691 660 White Birch 25 25 30 0 30 0 30 Scrub Oak 255 210 235 214 232 113 100 Red Pine 930 960 1,030 1,071 1,135 1,059 1,175 Jack Pine 192 207 171 232 144 80 73 White Pine 80 75 108 93 123 119 66 Swamp Conifer 100 75 60 110 0 0 0 Swamp Hardwood 120 385 425 414 0 0 0 Fir/Spruce 25 30 40 0 0 0 86 Total 4,662 4,912 5,292 5,241 4,543 4,040 3,950 6 the desired future condition. See the barrens management section below for more information on the BBMA. Below is the sustainable harvest goal for the jack pine type over the last 10 year period. For the past decade, the Department has attempted to carry mature stands of jack pine on the landscape for as long as possible. This was done primarily to provide a relative even flow of annual harvest, as well as to maintain a level of mature jack pine on the forest (i.e. structural diversity and wildlife habitat). However, many mature stands were experiencing significant mortality, at levels equal to or exceeding 30%. A higher percentage of dead and dying trees also increases the risk of insect and/or disease outbreaks (as well as heavier fuel loads), which would potentially have a negative impact on other stands in the area. As a result, the short-term objective was to manage all stands experiencing 30% mortality or greater within a three to four year period (or longer, if at all possible). That process started in 2016 and continued through 2022 and is the primary reason for the substantial spikes in harvest goal for 2016 and 2017, and again in 2021. With the management of the over mature stands primarily completed, it is anticipated that the vast majority of remaining mature jack pine will be managed within the next three to five years (again, with an emphasis on carrying mature stands for as long as possible). Afterwards, it is anticipated that there will be a window (likely around ten years) with significantly less jack pine on the harvest schedule, until the next larger age classes begin to reach maturity (which is generally between 50 to 60 years of age). • The 2024 goal for jack pine is 73 acres and divided as follows: o All stands are located outside of the BBMA, in IRMU3. The total harvest goal for 2024 represents a slight decrease (7 acres) when compared to the total goal for 2023 (80 acres). The significant fluctuations in acreage over the last decade is primarily 7 due to the variability of harvests associated with high risk stands (higher levels of mortality) and preparations made in each zone and/or core area within the barrens. If the Department determines that other stands are rapidly deteriorating or otherwise need to be managed immediately, the goal for 2024 may be adjusted accordingly. Red Pine: Red pine is the second largest timber type (by area) on the county forest, comprising just over 18,500 acres. Most of the acreage base is comprised of plantations, but nearly 1,500 acres of natural stands exist. Natural stands tend to be older (90+ years old), contain a higher percentage of larger trees, much smaller in size (acreage) and widely scattered throughout the forest. The general model for red pine management is fairly simple. Most of the management centers around stands of artificial origin (plantations). In plantations, once stands reach the stage in which they are ready for management (typically around 30 years old), a timber sale is established. The sale generally involves the removal of roughly 1/3 of the stand density. That harvest cycle and treatment type is then repeated about once every 10 years. Once a stand has been thinned about three times, harvest intervals tend to slow a bit, primarily contingent upon the growth response from previous treatments. At this point, harvest intervals can still be on a 10 year cycle, but more typically end up closer to every 12 to 15 years. Below is the sustainable harvest goal for the red pine type over the last 10 year period. As per Chart 2 above, over the last 10 years, the harvest goal for the red pine type has increased by just under 40%. This is primarily due to an increase in younger plantations ready for management, as well as actions taken within the BBMA. Depending on a variety of factors, including responses to previous treatments, presence of insects and/or disease, general management direction for the timber type, forest product development and markets, etc., the stand (plantation) can be rotated anywhere between 70 and 120 years of age (a little earlier or later depending on the above mentioned factors). 8 Below is the current age-class distribution of the red pine type: Rotation typically involves prescribing a clearcut or similar even-aged treatment, in which all trees are removed. This is especially critical if re-establishing a red pine plantation, as older trees (if retained) can be vectors for future insect or disease infestations. Natural stands are managed as well, with a focus on stands of higher density or those that have enough acreage for harvest. However, over 95% of the harvest goal is typically derived from the management of plantations. And most of the acreage base younger than 90 years old is in the form of a plantation. In zone 4 of the BBMA, existing stands of red pine will be converted to jack pine (as per the Barrens Management Plan). Work began in 2020 to convert most of the existing red pine stands to jack pine by the end of 2035. This work will continue in 2024. • The 2024 goal for red pine is: 1,175 acres (roughly 1,027 acres prescribed for thinning and 147 as regeneration) and is summarized as follows: o Outside of the Barrens: 831 acres will be thinned and 0 acres will be regenerated; o Inside the Barrens (IRMU 9), not including Zone 4: 196 acres will be thinned and 0 acres will be regenerated; o Within IRMU 9, Zone 4: 0 acres will be thinned and 147 acres will be regenerated. The total goal represents an increase of 115 acres (or about 11%) when compared to the goal for 2023 (1,059 acres). Two additional goals will be prioritized for red pine in 2024: 1. Determine the optimal rotation age for plantations. This will involve additional data collection and analysis, as well as carbon metrics, with the goal of determining the optimum time to regenerate most stands of artificial origin (plantations). This may involve rotating some stands early to establish a more even flow of regeneration harvests. Depending on other workloads, this may take multiple years to complete. 2. Prioritize the field examination of all older natural origin stands to establish the next treatment. This could include prescribing a thinning or regeneration harvest, as well as an extended rotation or removing from the harvest schedule. In total, there are a little over 100 9 stands and 2,000 acres of red pine 80+ years of age. Depending on other workloads, this may take multiple years to complete. Red pine stands located within zone 4 (IRMU 9) of the BBMA will continue to be re-analyzed in 2024. As per the Barrens Management plan, a core goal is to establish/prioritize a thinning and regeneration schedule for each stand (through 2035). During that process, short or long-term adjustments may be necessary to assure compliance with the goals of the Barrens Management plan. Within the BBMA, it is critical that stands are regenerated (or on a feasible path for future rotation) at designated time periods established for each zone. Every few years it is necessary to re-analyze stand data and determine if modifications are required to achieve optimal results. White Pine White pine totals nearly 2,900 acres and is the eighth largest cover type on the county forest. In general, most of the white pine type is considered mature, with roughly 75% of the total acres over 80 years of age. Below is the current age-class distribution of the white pine type: Of the roughly 2,900 acres typed as white pine on the county forest, nearly 2,200 acres is 80 years of age or older. Of that, a little over 1,400 acres is over 100 years of age (so roughly 50% of the total acreage base is over 100 years old). Management of the white pine type has traditionally been an equal mix of thinning and regeneration in the older types. And a general goal of managing this type is to extend the rotation of stands of natural origin whenever feasible. A little over 1,000 acres, mostly stands 90 years of age or older, have been removed from the harvest schedule and are not currently being considered for timber management. Below is the sustainable harvest goal for the white pine type over the last 10 year period. 10 • The 2024 goal for White Pine is: 66 acres. o The entire management goal will involve thinning. No regeneration harvests are scheduled in 2024. Aspen: At nearly 82,000 acres, aspen is, by far, the largest cover type on the county forest (roughly 46% of the entire ownership and 50% of the forested acres). The management and regulation of the aspen type is relatively straight forward. Under ideal conditions, and assuming an equal distribution of age classes, the sustainable harvest goal for aspen is calculated by dividing the total acreage by the rotation age. The rotation for aspen varies by location and site quality, but generally is 50 years of age (sometimes longer on the highest quality sites or shorter on poorer sites). When considering just the raw numbers, and using an average rotation age of 50 years, the optimal, regulated sustainable harvest goal for aspen would be roughly 1,600 acres per year. When calculating the long- and short-term sustainable management goals for the aspen type (as is done with all other forest types), all data is analyzed by location (IRMU – Integrated Resource Management Unit). Each IRMU represents a general area of the forest. Each area contains slightly different growing conditions and influences. Within each IRMU, current age class distributions, site quality, previous management (or stands excluded from management), recommended forester prescriptions, etc., are all weighted and analyzed to determine the harvest goal per unit. Current age class distributions are charted against desired distributions to determine if additional adjustments to the management strategies are needed. In some cases, like those we are experiencing now, the Department may need to enter stands a little sooner (i.e. potentially as early as 40 to 45 years old), to better distribute age classes on the landscape and avoid similar problems in the future. However, markets and the locations of each stand can have a significant impact on whether accelerations of the harvest schedule are feasible. 11 Chart 3 below summarizes the ten-year age classes in the aspen cover type: The age distribution in the aspen type is heavily skewed to the younger classes. As per Chart 3 above, there is a disproportionate amount of acreage in the 30-39 and 40-49 year old age classes. When this happens, it’s generally referred to as a “wave” or “bubble”. The total amount of aspen between 30 to 49 years of age (nearly 37,000 acres) is over double the total amount in the 10 to 29 year old class (nearly 18,000 acres), and roughly six times greater than the manageable aspen in the 50+ age class (roughly 6,000 acres). Also, of the over 9,000 acres currently found within the 60+ age class, roughly 90% has been removed from the harvest schedule, primarily due to being located within a riparian management zone (RMZ). Ultimately, to address the relatively large wave of aspen soon to reach maturity, the Department may need to make minor adjustments to the management approach for this type. The current age class distributions in each IRMU are slightly different, but, in general, are heavily clustered in 25 to 44 year old categories. For example, in IRMU’s 1 and 2, the 25 to 44 year old age class contains roughly 60% of the total aspen acreage in each unit. When the type is closer to being fully regulated, it should be in the 35% to 40% range, each; in IRMU 4, the 45 to 54 year old age classes contains about 42% of the total acreage (should be closer to 20%); and in IRMU 8, the 30 to 49 year old age class contains nearly 60% of the acreage (should be around 40%). Below is the sustainable harvest goal for the aspen type over the last 10 year period. 12 In 2020 and 2021, the Department started to actively address the younger age class bubble in the aspen type. In general, assuming a rotation age between 50 and 55 years, each 5 year age class (0 to 4, 5 to 9, 10 to 14, etc) should contain about 9 to 10% of the total acreage for that type (one goal of management is to create an even distribution of age classes over the landscape, whenever practical). However, treating younger stands can pose numerous challenges. Younger aspen stands naturally contain a higher proportion of smaller diameter trees. Market conditions have a much stronger influence on the demand for smaller diameter aspen sales (when compared to those with a sizeable run of bolts or larger diameter trees). And many of the younger stands occur in areas that require frozen ground to harvest. Over the past few seasons, the Department has seen a much lower demand for the younger, smaller diameter aspen sales (basically stands between 40 to 44 years of age), including a decrease in stumpage values and many no-bid sales. This trend is exacerbated when the sale also occurs on frozen ground. While the earlier attempts to address the bubble included treating stands as young as 43-45 years of age, a recent ongoing internal analysis of the data suggests that aspen is generally more marketable at age 47 or older. As a result, the annual harvest goals are currently calculated using 48-49 years as the lowest age class used for harvesting considerations. Carbon metrics also have the potential to influence future management strategies in the aspen type, primarily as it relates to finding the sweet spot between optimizing the production of timber products with climate related priorities. These adjustments will produce similar benefits as addressed in the red oak section, including a more regulated distribution of aspen on the landscape. When fully regulated (and when all stands excluded from future management are removed from consideration), the sustainable harvest goal for aspen will be about around 1,500 to 1,600 acres per year. • The 2024 sustainable harvest goal for aspen is: 955 acres. This represents a decrease of 250 acres (roughly 26%) when compared to the goal for 2023 (1,205 acres) and a decrease of 660 acres (nearly 70%) when compared to 2020, when work to address the age class bubble began. 13 o The fluctuations in goals over the last five years is generally due to the Department addressing the large wave of relatively narrow age class distributions, as described above. However, the relatively significant decrease in acres, when compared to 2020 and 2021, is the result of a decision to limit the amount of harvesting that will occur in the younger age classes. In 2020 and 2021, some management was accomplished in the 43 to 45 year old age class in an attempt to better spread out the curve. This was determined to be ineffective, as some stands of aspen were still relatively small (average diameter) and subsequent bid prices were well below average, due to low interest and poor marketability. It’s worth noting that the aspen type, particularly trembling aspen, is predicted to be one of the more negatively impacted forested communities, when modelled against a potentially warming climate. With roughly 50% of the ownership comprised of the aspen type, most of which being trembling aspen, that is a significant concern. At greatest potential risk would be stands currently developing on sites of poor quality, where nutrients and/or moisture are most limited and trees are inherently stressed. Aspen developing on these habitat fringes or areas that are dry to very dry, as well as those that are overly wet, would be the most at risk. Starting in 2019, the Department established a process to target the re-assessment of aspen stands to help determine susceptibility and, if climate change models are correct, flesh out future management strategies and goals. This will continue in 2024. Since predicted warming climate related impacts are expected to be decades away, any modifications to management would most likely occur well into the future (when the youngest stands approach maturity). Still, having the discussion now will allow us to be better prepared, especially if predictions hold true. Recently, as part of routine stand inventory and the establishment of CFI plots, the Department has noted the presence of hypoxylon cankers in numerous stands of aspen. Hypoxylon is a fungus that infects the trunk and branches of aspen. Quaking aspen is most susceptible, but it can infect bigtooth as well. Once a tree is infected, the fungus spreads until the tree is effectively girdled. Once a tree is infected with hypoxylon, it can die within 3 to 8 years. The fungus survives from year to year in the canker on infected trees. Through the compartment inventory process (and prioritizing compartments heavier to aspen), the Department will continue examining stands that have the potential to be infected with hypoxylon. Using LiDAR, various elevation models, and growth charts for aspen, the Department has developed a model that can isolate stands (digitally) that appear to be underperforming (shorter in height than what is expected). A subset of these stands will be field inspected to determine if hypoxylon is present and, if so, the next course of action. The subset will also help to determine if additional surveys are necessary. If significant levels of hypoxylon are discovered, the harvest goal and/or stands prioritized for treatment, may be adjusted accordingly. An 85 acre aspen stand of poor quality, with lower than average productivity rates, and a significant presence of hypoxylon was underplanted with white pine seedlings in 2023. This will mark the first large stand (acreage) where an attempt will be made to re-introduce a conifer component in aspen and encourage a transition to a mixed hardwood coniferous stand. If discovered, additional stands may be treated in a similar manner, as resources and budgets allow. 14 In 2023, the Department implemented a re-inventory of aspen stands located within the 40-45 year old age class to better determine average stand diameter and species composition. The goal of the inventory is to establish a tighter future management date and prescription. The improved information will also be used to more accurately predict stand readiness and estimation of future sustainable harvest goals. The re-inventory process will continue in 2024 and will likely include a representative sample of the 35-40 year old age class as well. Northern Hardwood: Northern hardwoods comprise just over 17,000 acres and is the third largest cover type on the county forest. The Department continues to re-evaluate the management approach on all stands of northern hardwood, especially those developing on medium to medium poor quality sites. In general, the Department is finding that more intensive or less traditional methods of management on these poorer quality sites, utilizing larger canopy gaps, groups or patches, or even aged practices, generally yield better results. In the northern hardwood type, prescription goals for existing stands have repeatedly conflicted with field observations. Previously, the standard prescription given to nearly all northern hardwood stands was un-even aged (or all-aged) management or a thinning, regardless of stand or site quality. As a result, over the past 20+ years, many stands have been managed with un-even aged prescriptions (i.e. relatively light selective harvests which incorporate small gaps to facilitate new regeneration of desired species). Preliminary results from forest regeneration monitoring efforts have found that northern hardwood stands, developing on drier (or wetter) sites of medium to medium-poor quality, are generally not responding well (or as desired) to the traditional methods of management (or traditional thinking). Growth of residual trees has also been relatively poor, desired regeneration has been sporadic and slow to develop, and competition from undesirable species has been, at times, very aggressive (primarily ironwood). Through routine and regular regeneration monitoring, the Department is also discovering that regeneration gaps (associated with traditional un-even aged management practices) are oftentimes dominated by ironwood, while the preferred species that do regenerate (i.e. maple, basswood, yellow birch, oak) are low in number, slow to develop and/or are repeatedly browsed by deer (which allows them to get quickly overtopped by undesirable species). Growth and development on the remaining stems is also largely poor and slow, with stands, in general, just not responding, as desired, to the traditional practices. Additionally, it was discovered that previous treatments oftentimes didn’t incorporate an adequate amount of regeneration gaps, in both size and total number (something the Department has remedied through the establishment of a systematic approach to gap design and placement). All factors listed above are concerning and have the potential to negatively impact most primary objectives associated with the long-term management of the northern hardwood type. Below is the sustainable harvest goal for the northern hardwood type over the last 10 year period. 15 The northern hardwood type was completely re-inventoried in 2018-2019. Emphasis was placed on examining stand and site quality (both existing and potential), responses to previous management (if applicable), and the development of new prescriptions. As expected, upon completion of the re-inventory process, there was a general increase in stands that will be managed with more intensive even-aged treatments, especially those developing on poor to medium-poor quality sites. Whenever feasible and/or practical, stands on medium quality or better sites will continue to be managed with more traditional un-even aged prescriptions, though intensity may vary depending on many factors and/or concerns previously listed. More recently, even stands that were previously slated for even-aged management have been re-scheduled to all- aged with larger groups or patches. Approaching lesser quality stands in this manner will improve structural and wildlife diversity, extend rotations, maintain connected landscapes, and help achieve some climate/carbon related goals. Whether traditional or more intensive, regeneration gaps, patches or groups associated with all uneven-aged treatments will continue to be designed and applied systematically. The systematic approach to gap/group placement ensures that all are of the appropriate size classes are evenly distributed throughout the stand. Systematic application also helps to ensure that prescribed stand level regeneration gap targets are met (i.e. a typical prescription may have a goal of 10% to 20%, sometimes more, of the stand in regeneration gaps or groups). Knowing the general gap size and total number installed also makes it easier to determine stand level accomplishments. Flexibility is also part of the design, as each regeneration gap can be moved slightly or excluded altogether, depending on the overall goals of the prescription. Systematically installed gaps are also easy to re-locate, which is critical when performing routine monitoring or when needing to address issues/concerns regarding regeneration (i.e. site preparation, competition control, invasive species treatment or supplemental planting). When utilizing un-even aged management methods on the poorer quality sites, whenever practical, larger gaps (or groups) will be incorporated with lighter thinning to maintain structural integrity within the stand, develop a new age class, increase species diversity and improve quality on the remaining/residual trees. In general, it’s understood that growth and development on poorer quality 16 stands will be significantly less than similar treatments on better sites. It is also anticipated that the amount of time between thinnings (or thinning intervals) will also increase in stands developing on poorer quality sites. Traditional approaches/instructions pertaining to northern hardwoods management indicate that re- entry should be attainable every 10 to 20 years, depending on growth and response to previous treatment. However, as previously stated, northern hardwood growth and development is typically much slower on sites of lower quality. In some situations, re-entry may only be feasible every 20 to 30 years. As with all plans, goals and direction may be modified based, in part, upon measured responses to previous treatments. • The 2024 goal for northern hardwoods is divided into two categories: un-even aged management (and/or thinning) and even-aged management. o The overall northern hardwood management goal for 2023 is: 765 acres. This represents an increase of 17 acres (roughly 2%) when compared to the goal for 2023 (748 acres). o The goal for un-even aged management is: 427 acres. This is slightly higher than the goal for 2023 (383 acres). o The goal for even aged management is further divided into two categories: even-aged management (i.e. even-aged thinning, shelterwood, seed tree, clear-cut, etc.) and overstory removals (final phase of a previous shelterwood harvest). Because a shelterwood oftentimes contains two distinct phases/stages (and sometimes more) to complete the regeneration process (within a relatively short period of time - i.e. 5 to 8 years), it is important to develop a goal that will target the final treatment (overstory removal). CY 2019 marked the first time that overstory removals were tracked as a separate goal in the northern hardwood type. • The goal for even-aged management is: 258 acres. This represents an increase 58 acres (roughly 23%) when compared to the goal for 2023 (210 acres). • The goal for overstory removals is: 80 acres. This is a decrease of 75 acres when compared to the 2023 goal (155 acres). As previously stated, 2019 was the first year that a goal for overstory removals was adopted. It should be noted that overstory removals are only prescribed if adequate levels of desired regeneration have been achieved in a stand. o All stands currently scheduled for an overstory removal will be surveyed for adequate levels of desired regeneration. If the desired level has been achieved, the treatment will be prescribed. If not, the Department will re-analyze the stand and determine the next appropriate course of action. • Depending on stand conditions, site characteristics and responses to previous treatments, the sustainable harvest goals for all-aged management and even-aged management are targets. Actual accomplishment rates will vary based on the factors stated above, as well as other external factors that have the potential to influence the development of any given stand. For example, after a thorough 17 examination, some stands scheduled for a thinning or all-aged harvest may be regenerated. While some stands scheduled for a regeneration harvest may be determined to benefit from a thinning or all-aged management. Based on the updated recon information (and readiness of overstory removals), the total harvest goal for northern hardwoods is expected to continue to hover between 650 to 800 acres per year. In general, the total amount of northern hardwood acres thinned (un-even aged management and/or even-aged thinning) have decreased slightly, while the amount of acres regenerated (even-aged management) have increased. However, since more trees per acre are removed during regeneration harvests (when compared to lighter thinnings), the total amount of northern hardwood volume should remain relatively consistent per year. Red Maple: Also, starting in 2019, red maple will continue to be accounted for as a separate goal (prior to 2019, it was included as part of the goal for northern hardwoods). Red maple stands are generally poorer in quality than northern hardwoods, but are managed using many of the same silvicultural practices. Higher quality stands of red maple may be thinned and/or treated with patches or larger groups (to encourage and/or develop structural diversity), but most stands are managed with even-aged regeneration techniques. At roughly 2,700 acres total, red maple is the 9th largest cover type on the forest and occurs on nearly every habitat type across the property. Stand age, quality and species diversity are often highly variable. As a result, treatment dates, prescriptions and management objective are also variable. Annual harvest goals are generally established based on the prescribed treatment date, which can result in a significant fluctuation of goals every year. o The 2024 sustainable harvest goal for red maple will be: 40 acres. This is an increase of 15 acres when compared to the 2023 goal (25 acres). The harvest goal for red maple will depend on the readiness of individual stands and, therefore, will generally be highly variable per year. Red Oak: At nearly 14,500 acres, red oak is the fourth largest cover type on the forest. Similar to the aspen type, red oak is experiencing a disproportionate distribution of age classes. Dissimilar to aspen, the wave is located on the mature side of the spectrum, rather than in the younger age classes. Below is the current age class distribution in the red oak type: 18 Nearly 75% of the red oak type is currently older than 80 years of age (nearly 10,500 acres). To drill down further, over two-thirds of the red oak type is 90 years of age or older (approximately 9,600 acres). In essence, the vast majority of red oak on the forest is either at or rapidly approaching maturity. The rotation age for red oak is generally around 100 years (up to 120 years on higher quality sites and a little lower on poorer quality sites). At current conditions, the Department is faced with the potential task of addressing (regenerating) a large acreage base of mature red oak, basically all at the same time. That’s neither practical, nor feasible. This is a prime example of where management goals sometimes need to be adjusted to more effectively manage a resource. Below is the sustainable harvest goal for the red oak type over the last 10 year period. The general management direction for red oak is to maintain the type (dominance), where practical, and spread out or evenly distribute the regeneration phase as much as possible. It will vary by location (IRMU), but, generally speaking, and barring any natural disturbances or negative 19 influences i.e. insects, disease, wind, drought, etc., the regeneration phase can be extended fairly equally over the next 15 to 20 years. The process has already begun, as this issue was identified years ago and is one of the primary reasons the decision was made to re-inventory the cover type. Considering the current condition of red oak on the forest, the average age of mature stands, and the long-term management potential of the type, the overall goal for regeneration will be around 400 to 500 acres per year over the next 15 to 20 years. This will provide better regulation of the red oak resource, yield a more uniform flow of forest products, generate a more even distribution of age classes over the landscape (which will also maintain structural diversity, maintain connected mature landscapes, and produce more diverse wildlife habitat), and create a more balanced workload, both short and long term. The Department also recently completed the complete re-inventory of all mature stands of red oak on the forest (completed in late 2017). The re-inventory was required to better define the red oak resource, assess management needs and prioritize future treatments. As expected, the updating process has revealed a significant decrease in acres ready for, or otherwise in need of, a thinning. As part of the update process, stands were/are prioritized based on age, quality, species diversity (whether there was a significant component of over mature aspen or birch), previous management (if any), etc. Furthermore, stands were/are ranked based on the potential or likelihood of maintaining (regenerating) the red oak component, as well as the presence and density of overmature aspen and/or paper birch. For a variety of reasons, red oak can be one of the most challenging timber types to regenerate (further described below). Understanding how these current stands were established (the stands we are managing today) can reveal some of the challenges faced today. Most of the red oak stands being managed today (on the forest) originated during the period of the last big cutover (early 1900’s). Back then, stands were basically clearcut, with little (if any) regard to resource damage, best management practices for water quality (or anything for that matter) or slash control. Soil scarification was extensive, as was logging debris. Then the fires came. The result: extensively scarified sites, exposing a large percentage of bare mineral soil, with little to no competing vegetation, no mature overstory trees, and very little impact from animals that prefer acorns or freshly regenerating seedlings i.e. deer or hare. Red oak, being a fire tolerant species, is built for this exact scenario. It needs relatively bare mineral soil, a good amount of sunlight, little competition from other tree species, and minimal predation or browse pressure. While the intensive fires killed much of the competing vegetation, it only temporarily impacted the red oak. Carbs stored in the root system afforded it the luxury of rapidly developing after the fire. Newly germinating acorns were established under ideal growing conditions. Many new red oak seedlings rapidly and aggressively attained dominance, well before other tree species were able to re-establish. And the browse intensity was low. The result: a dense stand of red oak, oftentimes with only minor components of paper birch, aspen, red maple, white pine, red pine and, on better sites, sugar maple. Fast forward to today. Much emphasis is placed on the suppression of wildfires with the goal of reducing or eliminating its potentially devastating impacts. While prescribed fire is still commonly used today as a management tool to facilitate the regeneration of oak, the scale and intensity of 20 previous (historical) stand initiating fires will never be duplicated (and results of prescribed fires are oftentimes unreliable and difficult to predict). Deer densities (and other seedling or acorn predators), by design, are, generally speaking, currently larger than 100 years ago and have the potential to significantly impact (negatively) any red oak regeneration activity. On the county forest, stands of oak are predominately the same age (either mature, between 80 to 100 years of age, or approaching maturity). Meaning most stands originated during a period when deer densities were low and future oak sprouting potential and acorn viability (both critically important in the development of new oak stands) will only continue to decrease with age. To further complicate the process, current harvesting methods and management practices result in a lighter footprint on the landscape, meaning scarification isn’t as intensive and mineral soil is less exposed. Methods of regeneration have also evolved over time. All are geared towards manipulating light and competition. Red oak is classified as intermediate in shade tolerance. In general, this means that the intensity of sunlight is a critical factor influencing initial seedling survival, as well as subsequent annual growth and development. Silvicultural techniques such as shelterwood, seed tree and clearcut are all used in attempts to regenerate new stands of red oak (in part, with the goal of manipulating levels of sunlight able to reach the forest floor). Some methods, like the shelterwood, leave a few more trees, equally distributed, on the landscape, with the goal of establishing and nursing the new crop of trees before eventually removing most of the overstory (to release the advanced regeneration). Other methods, like the seed tree, leave fewer trees, still equally distributed on the landscape, with the goal of providing even more light and resources available for new seedlings. Seed tree methods also typically leave the remaining mature trees in place (meaning we don’t come back in to harvest them), thus reducing damage to newly developing and recruiting seedlings, which would inevitably occur during the removal of the overstory. Clearcut methods are the most intensive, often removing most of the overstory and heavily relying on the subsequent flush of regeneration to establish the next stand. Each method has its pros and cons and all are used on the forest when attempting to regenerate red oak. At present, the Department is currently experiencing greater success with more intensive even-aged harvests. Regardless of the regeneration method, other components required to successfully develop a new stand of red oak still need to be considered i.e. competition control, soil scarification, herbivory control, acorn dispersal and viability, site potential, and sprouting potential, etc. If competing vegetation is a concern, some stands are scarified with a dozer and straight blade in an attempt to knock back undesirable tree species and expose mineral soil. Anchor chains, salmon blades or other implements are also used as a means to scarify soil and reduce competing vegetation. Prescribed fire can also be used to control unwanted vegetation. Timing of acorn dispersal and quantity (and quality) of acorn production are also critical, but much more difficult to predict and control. When determining where to invest additional inputs in the management of red oak, all of the above mentioned factors need to be considered, as does site quality and location. Some stands on higher quality sites will receive intense pressure from red and sugar maple (and ironwood), which, 21 inherently, makes it more difficult to establish a new stand of red oak. They also tend to occur on rugged locales, making it difficult to stage and maneuver heavy equipment or administer a prescribed fire. Many of these stands may be better suited as moderate quality northern hardwoods, with a minor component of red oak (i.e. more maple and less oak). The general management direction in this scenario may be to lightly thin, incorporate large gaps or groups and allow the stand to naturally convert to northern hardwood, again, with a lesser component of oak. On the other end of the spectrum, red oak stands growing on lower quality sites tend to be associated with heavier components of aspen, birch and pine. Competition from red and sugar maple (and ironwood) are also often less intensive, thus providing a more favorable environment for red oak regeneration. However, these sites are generally less productive, resulting in growth and development that tends to be on the lower end of the range. Managing these stands with a goal of increasing the component of aspen, birch or pine may be seriously considered. In general, maintaining as much red oak as possible is a priority for the Department. However, regarding oak regeneration activities, a considerable amount of emphasis will be placed on sites of medium quality, where oak production and quality (or potential) is good, competition from other undesirable tree seedlings is lower, and additional inputs from the Department, if needed, are the most effective. • The goal in 2024 will be divided into three distinct categories: thinning (even-aged and all- aged); even-aged management (i.e. shelterwood, seed tree, clearcut); and overstory removal (to release established regeneration that has developed after a previously prescribed shelterwood): o The total management goal for red oak is: 660 acres. This represents a decrease of 31 acres (roughly 5%) when compared to the goal for 2023 (691 acres). o The goal for even-aged thinning is: 49 acres. o The goal for all-aged thinning is: 113 acres. o The goal for even-aged regeneration is: 468 acres. This represents an increase of 26 acres when compared to the regen goal for 2023 (442 acres). As previously stated, whenever possible (or practical), an emphasis will be placed on maintaining stands as red oak and spreading out regeneration harvests, whenever feasible. • The regeneration goal for red oak stands located in IRMU’s 1 and 8 has been temporarily reduced. Some stands previously prescribed regeneration harvests will be thinned and carried longer on the landscape. Oak in these units is generally of slightly higher quality, located on better soils and exhibiting lower levels of stress/mortality. Lighter thinnings or management prescriptions that encourage increased levels of diversity (primarily through northern hardwood regeneration) are being considered on many oak stands in this area. These stands are also better suited for extended rotations. However, average stand age (most being 100+ years old) and external stressors (e.g. insects, disease, moisture stress, etc.) may negatively influence these stands. While efforts will be made to maintain older oak stands 22 on the landscape longer in these units, rapidly declining stand conditions will necessitate a regeneration harvest. o The goal for overstory removals is: 30 acres. This represents a decrease of 14 acres when compared to the goal for 2023 (44 acres). • An overstory removal is only prescribed if an adequate amount of desired regeneration has been attained throughout the stand. If the stand has not successfully regenerated with an adequate amount of desirable tree species, the Department will delay harvest, re-analyze the stand and determine the next appropriate course of action. As a result, the actual accomplishment may significantly differ from the total goal. The overstory removal goal is also established based on the anticipated date of readiness. As a result, the harvest goal is expected to be relatively fluid and variable annually. o Depending on stand conditions, site characteristics and responses to previous treatments, the sustainable harvest goals for thinning and even-aged management are targets. Actual accomplishment rates will vary based on the factors stated above, as well as other external factors that have the potential to influence the development of any given stand. For example, after a thorough examination, some stands that are prescribed for a thinning may not support that activity and will be regenerated. While it may also be determined that some stands scheduled for a regeneration harvest may first benefit from a thinning. o In 2023, portions of the Bayfield Peninsula, as well as areas north of Iron River were heavily defoliated by Spongy Moth. In addition, most of Bayfield County experienced significant drought conditions in 2023. Stands of aspen and mature red oak were hit the hardest by the moth. These two events have the potential to introduce high levels of stress on affected stands. Mature or over-mature stands are even more vulnerable to these added stressors. Also, in some instances, secondary invaders, like the two-lined chestnut borer, can take advantage of a trees weakened natural defenses and attack. A surge in population levels of secondary insects (temporary infestation) can cause already weakened trees to die rapidly. Additionally, some areas are likely to see more defoliation by Spongy Moth in 2024. Thus further exacerbating the issue. The Department will work with the DNR to prioritize the monitoring of previously defoliated areas and drought stressed areas. If signs of mortality are observed, salvage treatments may be prescribed that may have the potential to significantly impact the harvest goal for red oak. • Additionally, some stands that are prescribed for a thinning may be delayed. The primary reason for a delay, if needed, is to give the affected stand a little more time to recover from the significant defoliation and drought events. A delay in harvest may also have the potential to impact the harvest goal for red oak. Scrub Oak Scrub oak totals a little over 5,600 acres and is the sixth largest cover type on the county forest. Similar to the red oak type, a significant portion of the scrub oak acreage is considered mature (80 23 years of age and older). In total, nearly 3,000 acres (or roughly 55%) of the scrub oak type is 80 years of age or older. Below is the current age-class distribution of the scrub oak type: The scrub oak type is either young or mature, with little age diversity in between. A total of nearly 1,600 acres have been regenerated over the last decade and is a reflection of goals to start addressing some of the older stands. In 2022, a significant portion of the mature scrub oak stands were re-inventoried. One primary goal of the re-inventory was to prioritize treatments and identify stands that could be extended. Also, some scrub oak stands are marginally productive, contain low timber value, and are situated on the landscape in a way that provides significant habitat benefits, as well as structural diversity. Results of the re-inventory had a significant influence on the harvest goals. Below is the sustainable harvest goal for the scrub oak type over the last 10 year period. 24 The management of the scrub oak type typically involves a regeneration harvest. Prior to 2023, the average harvest goal for scrub oak was around 235 acres. The average over the last two years is closer to 105 acres. Also, of the stands currently considered mature, nearly 1,000 acres have been removed from the harvest schedule. • The 2024 goal for Scrub Oak is: 100 acres. o The entire management goal will involve a regeneration harvest. This will be a slight decrease of 13 acres when compared to the harvest goal in 2023. And a decrease of over 50% compared to the average prior to 2023. Swamp Hardwoods and Swamp Conifer (and Fir/Spruce): The swamp hardwood type is generally dominated by black ash. There is currently a little over 3,100 acres of swamp hardwoods on the county forest, about 2,000 acres of which occurring in the southern Barnes block (IRMU 6), north of the boundary with Sawyer County. Red maple, aspen, balsam fir, black spruce and tamarack are common associates. Aspen and red maple generally increase in density in areas with better drainage (higher and drier), while black spruce and tamarack show up in areas of poorer drainage (low and wet). Yellow birch and sugar maple may also be present, but primarily in locations with better drainage. But, in general, swamp hardwood stands are primarily comprised of black ash (again, densities and quality often vary based upon location and drainage). The Department established a regular management goal for the swamp types (hardwood and conifer) starting in 2011. Prior to 2011, swamp types were typically only managed as time allowed (a new forester was added in 2011 thus creating more opportunities for regular management) or whenever a sale was established adjacent to a stand. Because of the location of these stands (i.e. swamps), accessibility is often very poor, making these types more difficult to manage. Marketability is also usually more difficult, as harvesting is most often restricted to periods of frozen ground and timber products derived from the swamp types are typically in lower demand. The combination of difficult access, unpredictable and irregular winters, and poor marketability, make the swamp types some of the most challenging to sell (as timber sales). If the Department has difficulty selling a swamp hardwood timber sale, then long term goals for the type will also be impacted. The presence of the Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) has forced land managers to change the way they traditionally approached the management of ash dominated stands. Once established in an area, EAB has the potential to kill nearly every ash tree in a stand, all within a few short years (once established). In 2018, EAB was confirmed at two locations in northern Douglas County (to our west) and one location in central Sawyer County (to our south). The natural rate of spread is thought to be about ½ mile per year, but human assisted distribution (i.e. firewood, vehicles, etc) will produce a more rapid and unpredictable rate of dispersal. In 2022, it was confirmed in northern Bayfield County, as well as western Ashland County (near the border with Bayfield). Though there are still no obvious signs of it on county forest land, it has been confirmed in the area and is likely already somewhere on the property. Depending on the density of ash in a stand and proximity to the closest known confirmed location of EAB, there are some, albeit limited, management options available. The WDNR has developed 25 general guidelines for managing ash dominated stands, where EAB will eventually become a threat (and are in the process of revising those guidelines). Guidelines are generally divided into two categories: if EAB is present (or in close proximity) or if not (as well as the amount of ash located within a stand/area). In general, the Department will utilize those guidelines when determining the best approach for managing ash dominated stands. In addition to determining which silvicultural treatment to prescribe on any given ash dominated stand, the Department will need to address short and long term management strategies, with an emphasis on the short term. More specifically, how many acres should/can be managed, before the inevitable arrival of EAB and subsequent rapid mortality of all ash trees, to best achieve/salvage longer term, sustainable silvicultural objectives. Accelerating the management of ash dominated stands (pre-salvage – before all of the ash trees are dead) will provide a better foundation for achieving successful regeneration and ensure the perpetuation of a productive stand of desirable tree species. To help in the decision making process, the Department recently re-inventoried all swamp hardwood stands (that had a significant component of ash). The re-inventory process targeted variables like: percentage of ash, percentage of other tree species, condition and quality of the trees/stand, soil type and topography, accessibility, ability or likelihood of regenerating to other desirable timber types, recommended silvicultural activity, swamping potential, etc. Other goals of the re-inventory process were to help prioritize the management of stands, with an emphasis on those that can be successfully regenerated to other desirable timber types (i.e. stands with pockets of aspen will be encouraged to regenerate to aspen; stands with more red maple will be encouraged to regenerate to maple; etc.), as well as to better understand the risks associated with swamping (if EAB were to kill mature ash trees in a stand). Ash will also regenerate, but, with EAB, will no longer be a primary component of the stand (nor a secondary component). As part of the most recent inventory, it has been determined that only a small number of stands are at risk of swamping out due to rapid mortality of mature, overstory ash trees. Of that, only a small percentage in each stand would be susceptible. This is good news, as less than 1% of the total swamp hardwood acreage base appears to be at risk if EAB related mortality arrives before stands can be managed. In short, wherever practical and feasible, the goal is to locate those stands that can be readily managed and converted to other desired timber types before the onset of EAB. Beginning/accelerating management strategies for EAB sooner, rather than later, will increase treatment and reforestation options, maximize economic value, and reduce future EAB impacts. Once the presence of EAB is confirmed, management options become very limited. As stated in the draft revision of the WDNR Emerald Ash Borer Silvicultural Guidelines, at a county level, a significant increase in ash mortality can generally be expected to begin around 6 to 7 years after EAB is first detected. Once ash mortality begins in a stand, it will continue until most ash trees are killed. Studies have also found that, at the stand level, more than 99% of all ash trees were killed within six years of the first observed infestation. In 2019, the Department installed purple traps at 9 different locations in 2019, as a means to monitor for EAB. Fortunately, all 9 traps came back negative. Purple traps were installed in 2020- 26 2023 with no detections noted. Due to EAB already being confirmed in the surrounding area, the Department will likely discontinue the placement of purple traps in the field. Once EAB has been confirmed in an area and becomes established, it can completely ravage a stand of ash within a period of roughly 6 years. Since establishment has not been confirmed on the county forest yet, it is logical to assume we have approximately 8-10 years to complete all management activities. Within the next 10 years, the management of all ash dominated stands located on the forest should be completed, which includes all harvesting activities (as well as target ash for removal on all future sales where ash is a secondary or minor component). Timber sale contracts are awarded for a period of two years, with the potential for multiple extensions. Most ash stands are located on wet soils, making harvesting and accessibility very challenging. Contractors often require multiple timber sale extensions to complete sales that contain a significant component of frozen ground only harvesting requirements (like those that contain significant components of black ash). If a timber sale will require 3 to 4 years (and possibly longer) to complete, and we have a 10 year window of operation before the onset of EAB, then treatment of all ash dominated stands should be completed within the next 5 to 6 years (which stared, in earnest, in 2019). However, market demand for ash, as well as interest in frozen ground only sales, has decreased significantly over the past two years. Demand for pulp and paper products has generally been declining annually over the past decade+. The decline in market conditions was exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent closure of two significant Verso mills, located in Wisconsin Rapids, WI and Duluth, MN. The Rapids mill, when operating at full capacity, had the ability to consume roughly 25% of all pulpwood produced in Wisconsin. And a significant percentage of ash pulp was shipped to the Rapids mill. Over the past five years, timber sales that contained a significant component of ash pulp, as well as those that required frozen ground conditions to support logging operations, have received little interest, with many remaining unsold. Due to the lack of demand for ash pulp, combined with the fact that nearly all sales that contain a significant component of ash occur on wetter soil types (that require frozen ground conditions), the management of swamp hardwoods (as well as swamp conifer) will be remain temporarily on hold in 2024 (the goal for 2022 and 2023 was 0 acres as well). If market conditions improve and demand for ash pulp rebounds, then the Department will consider lifting the hold and resuming the management of the swamp types. • The 2024 goal for Swamp Hardwoods is: 0 acres. o The hold on the management of the swamp types is expected to be temporary. If/when the market for ash pulp improves, then the Department will resume the management the swamp types, as per the direction described above. The goal of management would be to regenerate a fully stocked stand of desirable species in trees other than ash. • The 2024 goal for Swamp Conifer will also remain at 0 acres. Poor markets and local demand for these products has traditionally been very low. Combined with difficult accessibility and narrow windows of operation, this cover type has been one of the more 27 challenging to manage. However, one priority will be to field check a portion of the stands over the next two years to determine future management objectives. Stands that are determined to be inaccessible or unproductive will be removed from the harvest schedule. • The 2024 goal for Fir/spruce is 86 acres. The goal pertains to one stand that has been on the harvest schedule for numerous years. This stand also has a secondary component of aspen. The stand will be inspected in 2024 to determine the potential to support management. If feasible a timber sale will be established. If not, the data will be updated and the harvest deferred. Sustainable Harvest Goal Information: One of the primary objectives in managing the forest is to strive for a more regulated, even flow of harvests, equally distributed over the landscape. However, sustainable harvest goals typically fluctuate slightly from year to year. Most fluctuations are explained by the natural irregularity of age class distributions over the entire forest and, subsequently, when stands are ready for management. Among other things, fluctuations can also be a result of changes in management direction and/or strategies for individual timber types, responses to natural disturbances or other unforeseen natural events, a relatively poor response in growth from previous management activities, modifications in response to accomplishments from the previous year or land acquisition. During any given calendar year, harvest goals may be adjusted for many of the same reasons listed above, especially if needed to address a significant natural event (i.e. windstorm, insect/disease, etc); to make adjustments due to significant inaccuracies in recon/stand data; or to modify prescriptions (accelerate or delay) based on the results of previous management. On the Bayfield County Forest, the primary differences in sustainable harvest goals over time are a result of a variety of factors, some of which include: improved reconnaissance information; a significant increase in the number of stands reaching management age (particularly in the aspen, red oak and red pine types); the inclusion or exclusion of harvest goals for the swamp hardwood, swamp conifer and fir/spruce timber types; adjustments in the management approaches of the aspen, swamp hardwood (EAB response and/or market adjustments), red oak and northern hardwood timber types; implementation of directives in the Barrens Management Areas (Barnes and Bass Lake); adjustments related to certain climate or carbon goals and general modifications as a result of stand level responses to previous treatments. Figure 1 displays the total sustainable harvest goals from 2008 through 2024. 28 The total sustainable harvest goal for 2024 is at the lowest level since 2008. Primarily due to significant reductions in the aspen goal, as well as the continued removal of the swamp type from the harvest schedule. Land transactions (acquisition and divestment) can also have an impact on harvest goals, especially when significant acreage is involved. As per Table 7, a net total of nearly 9,000 acres has been added to the county forest program since 2015. This includes multiple larger projects that were completed in late 2022 and early 2023. In total, 1,439 acres of county forest land was repatriated to the Tribe from 2017-2022. All proceeds from those land sales were leveraged and re-invested in replacement lands. In 2022 and 2023 a total of nearly 3,900 acres were purchased and enrolled in County Forest Law. When considering the various factors that can influence the management of the county forest, the annual sustainable harvest goal is expected to hover between roughly 3,800 and 4,800 acres per year. A harvest goal of around 4,000 acres is anticipated over the next few years, until the aspen levels increase again (likely in year 2027 or 2028). Figure 2 displays the annual sustainable harvest goal, accomplishment and sold timber sales from the past ten years. The values for 2023 and 2024 are estimated: Figure 1 29 Prior to 2011, the Department averaged 45 timber sales, covering 3,044 acres per year. The average total winning bid value for those sales was approximately $2.36 million. Since 2011, the Department has averaged 58 sales, covering nearly 4,600 acres. During that time, the average total winning bid values have nearly doubled, to almost $4.30 million. The total winning bid values peaked in 2015, at just over $6.5 million. Since the peak in 2015, the total value of sales sold has decreased significantly, to an average of roughly $3.8 million. Total bid values actually increased in 2019, to nearly $4.2 million (an increase of nearly 20% when compared to 2018) and were just over $4.0 million in 2020. However, while total output (new timber sales) has remained relatively constant during that same time period, markets have recessed considerably, especially in the second half of 2020 and all of 2021. This is primarily a result of various market responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent closure of the two regional Verso mills. The sustainable harvest goal in 2023 (4,040 acres) and 2024 (3,950) are at the lowest levels since 2008. The reasons for the decrease were described previously, but will also have an impact on future sold values and eventual stumpage returns. If some markets continue to stay strong (e.g. red pine poles), there may not be a significant or noticeable change in future returns. But if those currently strong markets also recede in 2024, then the overall impact on stumpage returns could be significant. Figure 3 displays the total sold value of timber sales and actual revenues from stumpage (harvested timber) over the past ten years. The values for 2023 and 2024 are estimated: Figure 2 30 Bayfield County generated roughly $5.0 million in total stumpage revenue in 2015, 2016 and 2017, while reaching a little over $4.5 million in 2014 and 2018. The total amount received in 2019 was just under $4.2 million. Since 2019, the amount of revenue received has been fairly irregular and difficult to predict. Roughly $3.626 million was generated in 2020; $3.852 million in 2021; nearly $4.68 million in 2022; and roughly $3.5 million is expected in 2023. The amount generated in 2023 is the lowest since 2012. The timber sale revenue budget for 2024 is set at $3.387 million. The poor/weak market conditions experienced in 2020, have continued through 2023. Some markets improved slightly (e.g. red pine poles), but, collectively, are still well below pre-Covid levels. A relatively weak market is expected to continue through 2024, especially if the Verso mill in Wisconsin Rapids remains closed. Table 1a displays the summary of timber sale offerings since 2007, including the total number of sales sold per year, total acres, the total value of the winning high bids, the average bid value per acre and total revenues received from the sale of timber during each calendar year. The figures for 2023 and 2024 are estimated and based on the 2024 budget. Figure 3 31 The average total value of all new timber sales sold was roughly $5.5 million between 2014 through 2016. However, the average total sold value from 2020-2023 was approximately $3.78 million, a decrease of roughly $1.7 million (or roughly 30%). Sustainable harvest goals decreased significantly starting in 2023 and are expected to remain on the lower side of the range for the next few years. Markets have also shifted dramatically and are expected to remain volatile in 2024. The lower harvest goal combined with unpredictable markets make it even more difficulty to accurately forecast timber revenues in 2024 and beyond. Timber Sale Revenue – General Information When analyzing timber sale revenues and the results from previous timber sale offerings, general patterns develop that allow the Department to estimate when to expect proceeds from existing contracts. Contracts are awarded for a period of two years. One-year extensions are often granted to contractors unable to complete the sale within the initial two year period. Multiple extensions may be required before all terms of the contract are met. It’s not uncommon for two to three, one-year extensions to be awarded on a contract, meaning it can take four or five years to fully complete some contracts. In general, based on historical outputs, roughly 40% of the revenue generated during any calendar year comes from contracts sold during the previous year. Approximately 25% is derived from those Table 1a: Bayfield County Forest Timber Sale Summary (2007-2024) Calendar Sales Acres Sales Acres Acres Timber Sale Sold Value Timber Year Offered Offered Sold Sold Not Sold Bid Values per Acre Revenues 2007 59 3,771 45 3,157 614 $2,140,897 $678 $2,167,156 2008 58 3,546 55 3,507 39 $2,381,513 $679 $2,621,308 2009 45 3,297 42 3,100 197 $2,510,601 $810 $2,305,259 2010 40 3,218 40 3,218 0 $2,404,178 $747 $2,047,663 2011 54 4,156 54 4,156 0 $3,629,330 $873 $2,477,066 2012 53 4,782 53 4,782 0 $4,900,194 $1,025 $2,696,756 2013 54 4,275 53 4,177 98 $3,614,091 $865 $3,904,104 2014 61 4,388 61 4,388 0 $5,252,530 $1,197 $4,537,661 2015 57 5,215 54 4,958 257 $6,507,887 $1,313 $5,006,565 2016 65 4,750 65 4,750 0 $4,745,850 $999 $5,057,393 2017 53 4,272 50 4,101 171 $3,719,320 $907 $5,009,892 2018 56 4,568 49 3,813 755 $3,509,971 $921 $4,562,243 2019 59 5,031 52 4,267 764 $4,163,432 $976 $4,171,667 2020 68 5,553 61 5,052 501 $4,081,930 $808 $3,625,794 2021 56 5,002 48 4,114 888 $3,028,909 $736 $3,852,290 2022 60 4,266 55 3,993 273 $3,830,889 $959 $4,679,087 2023 58 3,524 50 3,196 328 $4,167,266 $1,304 $3,500,000 2024 58 3,500 50 3,200 300 $3,200,000 $1,000 $3,387,200 Average 56 4,284 52 3,996 287 $3,776,345 $945 $3,644,950 32 sold during the current year, 20% from two years prior, 10% from three years prior and the rest beyond that. For example, based on the above model, the general expectation is the 25% of the revenue generated in 2024 will come from sales sold in 2024 (which is an unknown); 40% will come from sales that were sold in 2023; 20% from sales sold in 2022; 10% from sales sold in 2021 and the rest from 2020 and earlier. In essence, markets and weather conditions are primary drivers of timber sale activity, both of which are extremely difficult to predict. Referring to Figure 3 and Table 1a, the banner stumpage revenues received by the Department in calendar years 2015, 2016 and 2017 were, in part, a result of very strong markets from the year’s prior (timber sale bid values were at an all-time high in 2015). CY 2017 was a poor market comparatively, as was 2018. Markets improved slightly in 2019, but were still be considered poor. In 2020 and 2021, markets declined even more, but were significantly impacted by COVID-19 and the subsequent closure of the Verso mills. As a result, the value of new sales sold in 2021 was lowest amount since 2010. Markets for some products improved slightly in 2022 and 2023 (particularly red pine poles), but are still impacted by regional mill closures and changes in post Covid-19 consumer spending behaviors. The Verso mill in Rapids is expected to remain closed in 2024 and will continue to have an impact of future pricing. Township Payments As per County Forest Law (ss 28.11), ten percent of the total stumpage revenues generated from the county forest are distributed to Townships that contain county forest land. Distribution is prorated and based solely upon the total amount (percentage) of acres located within each Town. In 2023, that total amount is predicted to be around $350,000 (based on a stumpage revenue stream of approximately $3.5 million). Prior to 2013, towns received an average annual total payment of roughly $220,000. In addition to the mandated 10% stumpage payment, towns also receive an annual PILT payment (payment in lieu of taxes) from the state, at a rate of $0.63 per acre. The PILT payment was increased from $0.30/acre starting in FY23 (July 1, 2022). For 2024, the budgeted 10% payment to the Town is set at $338,720 (based on a stumpage revenue budget of $3.387 million). • Town Road Aids: In 2010, Bayfield County developed the Town Road Aid Fund. This fund was created to help improve problem areas on Town Roads that provide critical access to the County Forest. Town Road Aids were initially funded at 1% of total annual timber sale revenues (enacted once actual revenues exceed the budgeted amount). Starting in CY 2014, Bayfield County increased the funding level to 2%, with a cap of $80,000. As a result, $80,000 has been available for eligible Town Road projects in each of the last five years (2014-2018). As part of the 2020 budget development process, the Forestry and Parks Committee voted to remove the cap and increase the funding level up to 3% of actual net timber sale revenue. As a result, $90,000 was made available in 2020 for eligible town road projects. However, with the predicted decrease in timber sale revenue starting in 2021, the total amount 33 budgeted for Town Road Aid projects was reduced to $60,000. The $60,000 figure was re- established in 2022 and will remain that amount in 2024. All projects are submitted to the Department and ultimately approved by the Forestry and Parks Committee. The Department works closely with each Town in the development and administration of each potential project. Maximizing the sustainable harvest of the forest has numerous benefits. Not only does it have the potential to significantly increase revenues (at both the county and town levels), but it also supports numerous local jobs, fosters new job growth, provides additional recreational opportunities, provides exceptionally well managed products to local wood industries, improves forest health and productivity, protects water quality and creates/maintains a diversity of wildlife habitat. More Sustainable Harvest Information and Green Tree Retention During the timber sale establishment process, scheduled stands are examined to determine if they are ready for management. Traditionally, some aren’t, leading to approximately 5 to 10% of the sustainable harvest goal being removed from management consideration (for that year). In general, some stands either aren’t ready for management, are typed incorrectly or are removed from future management consideration for another reason i.e. riparian/wetland protection, steep or inoperable slopes, special, rare or unique features, etc. Stands that simply aren’t ready for treatment are re-scheduled for future management. Stands that are used to protect wetlands and other riparian, sensitive, unique, or special features are permanently removed from future harvest consideration. • After removing approximately 5 to 10% from harvest consideration, the long-term net sustainable harvest goal (actual timber sale establishment) will range between roughly 3,400 to 4,500 acres per year. Based on the sustainable harvest goal for 2024 (3,950 acres), the expectation is that approximately 3,550 to 3,750 acres will be considered for management, which equates to about 2% of the forest. Over the long term, when only considering the net sustainable harvest goal, management (in the form of a timber sale) will occur on roughly 2.0% to 2.5% of the forest per year. Additionally, as part of the timber sale process, a representative portion of most stands are purposely left unmanaged, termed green tree retention (also called legacy tree, reserve tree, etc). This can be accomplished by leaving individual trees or small patches (remnants) of the previous stand or a combination of the two. Green tree retention can also be incorporated as part of other reasons to leave stands unmanaged i.e. BMP’s for water quality, unique/special features or aesthetic considerations. • The goal for green tree retention is to reserve roughly 3 to 10%, of the original stand area, as unmanaged, scattered individual trees or remnant small patches, on each timber sale. However, due to the nature of some stands or forested communities, green tree retention is not always considered or feasible. For example, jack pine stands/barrens require intensive management to maintain. Remnants of older trees provide vectors for insect or disease outbreaks that can be devastating to newly developing stands. For that reason, green tree retention is not applied 34 wherever threats to young regenerating stands exist (primarily jack or red pine) or when the regeneration of target species would otherwise be compromised. The retention of reserve trees (or green tree) can provide numerous benefits, all of which ultimately contribute to the conservation of biological diversity. Among other benefits, these structures facilitate the perpetuation of some biota (plant and animal species and genotypes) on site. They can maintain landscape connectivity by enabling the movement of some organisms. Reserve trees also influence reorganization and recovery processes after a timber sale, as well as help to sustain functional roles and modify the post disturbance environment. Green tree retention in stands that required significant amounts of riparian protection can add up to be substantially greater than the upper threshold of 10%. It’s fairly common for retention levels to reach 25% or more in stands with heavy riparian protection measures. In 2024, the Department will also continue to explore opportunities to incorporate carbon metrics into the decision making process, which could influence the targeted level of green tree retention on some sites. Green tree retention generally only applies to stands that are managed with more intensive even aged practices i.e. clearcutting, seed tree harvesting, etc. Stands that are thinned, already leave behind more trees than those that are harvested. Of the 2.0% to 2.5% of the forest that is managed over the course of a year, roughly 50-55% is managed with more intensive even aged harvests, primarily driven by the harvest goal for the aspen type. It’s worth noting that a substantial portion of the forest has already been removed from future timber management consideration. Nearly 14,000 acres, or about 8% of the forest, has been designated and removed from the scheduling process. An additional 13,000 acres is classified as non-forested and also not suitable for management considerations. This includes the roughly 3,000 acre Bibon Swamp Special Management Area. The reasons for removal are numerous, many of which having been previously mentioned, and primarily include: riparian/wetland protection; conservation of rare or unique landscapes (i.e. Glacial Kettles and Sultz Swamp); and protection of sensitive slopes (primarily in the clay plain). Timber Sale Administration Since 2011, the Department has sold an average of 55 new sales annually, covering about 4,400 acres per year. This number has ranged from a low of 48 sales in 2021 to a high of 68 sales in 2020 (primarily because a total of nine sales were established to address the significant wind storm that occurred in the Town of Russell). Timber sales are sold on a two-year contract. Extensions may also be granted, which can extend a contract up to a period of four years (and, in some cases, longer). Depending on the sale restrictions of the contract, markets, seasonal conditions, etc., a contractor can choose to go active on a timber sale at virtually any time throughout a given year. Once a timber sale goes active (actually slightly before), the Department immediately begins the administration process. Timber sale administration is a critically important facet of any forest management program, as it serves to ensure field operations are in compliance with the contract and accomplishing the goals of 35 the sale. On a routine and regular basis (from the start of the contract to the end), Department staff work directly with timber harvesting contractors on all facets of the sale, including, but not limiting to: timber sale contract review, harvesting parameters and restrictions, goals of the timber sale, road and skid trail layout, recreational concerns (if any present), Best Management Practices for Water Quality, monitoring of sale progress, tracking and scaling of harvested timber, etc. As part of the process, if any issues or concerns arise, they are dealt with promptly, as per the contract. Table 2 describes annual timber sale activity from 2009 through 2023 (the figures for 2023 is estimated). A total of 85 timber sales were active in 2023 and 40 timber sale contracts were closed-out. Activity can be highly variable and may include, but is not limited to: timber harvesting, forwarding, scaling, hauling, summarizing mill slips/scales, making stumpage payments or timber sale close-out actions (i.e. road work, final inspections, final payments, site repairs, etc). A similar level of activity is anticipated in 2024. Timber sale activity can last anywhere from a period of a few weeks to a few months to most of a year, depending on the size of the sale, harvesting restrictions, operating conditions and the general goals of the contractor. And, now more than ever, the unpredictable and irregular market conditions can significantly influence when and how long a contractor will go or stay active on a given timber sale. Table 2: Summary of Annual Timber Sale Activity1 Year Offered Sold Active2 Completed3,4 2009 45 42 63 75 2010 40 40 66 70 2011 54 54 66 52 2012 53 53 64 41 2013 54 53 89 43 2014 61 61 97 64 2015 57 54 89 62 2016 65 65 93 41 2017 53 50 94 58 2018 56 49 80 56 2019 59 52 88 47 2020 68 61 95 50 2021 56 48 91 49 2022 59 54 84 57 2023 58 50 85 40 Average 56 52 83 54 1 Total number per activity per year. 2 Includes active harvesting, hauling, scaling, payments, close-out activities, etc. 3 Once all contract obligations have been met, a timber sale is officially closed. 4 in late 2009/early 2010, a large backlog of completed sales were all closed-out at once. 36 As of the end of CY 2023, the Department has 142 timber sales under contract, with 33 different contractors and a total contract value of nearly $10.4 million (or roughly $6.0 million net). During any point in the year, anywhere from around 10 to upwards of 20 or more timber sales can be active at one time. Table 2a summarizes the total amount of harvested volumes from 2011-2021. The table also establishes a cord equivalent value, which is generated by converting the log volume (thousand board feet) to cords. Over the last three years, an average of roughly 84,000 cord equivalents has been harvested annually from the county forest. This includes roughly 78,000 cords of pulpwood and 3.1 million board feet of logs. The estimated volume harvested in 2023 will be roughly 15% less than what was removed in 2022. The amount of wood harvested in 2024 will be highly dependent on how timber markets continue to evolve post COVID-19, if the Verso mill in Wisconsin Rapids remains closed and the number of older contracts that are completed. The first half of 2024 is still predicted to remain relatively poor and will most likely influence the amount of wood harvested during that time. It will also continue to influence bid pricing on new sales, which directly impacts future revenue potential. If markets remain poor, the amount of wood harvested in 2024 will most likely be very similar to the figures from 2023. Starting in 2021, pulp products on all new sales are being advertised, sold and reported by the ton. Prior to 2021, the pulp on most sales was advertised, sold and reported by the cord. For consistency, the volumes will continue to be converted to cords to establish a total cord equivalent. But future summaries will eventually be reported in tons (and ton equivalents). Table 2a: Total Volume of Wood Harvested (2014-2023) Year Pulp (cords)Logs (Mbf)Cord Equivalents* 2014 93,321 3,084 100,107 2015 83,023 3,042 89,715 2016 82,372 3,796 90,723 2017 85,214 2,838 91,458 2018 87,261 2,900 93,641 2019 77,213 2,875 83,537 2020 67,536 3,551 75,349 2021 79,717 2,622 85,485 2022 83,730 3,333 91,063 2023 69,500 3,250 76,650 Average 80,889 3,129 87,773 5 Yr Avg 75,539 3,126 82,417 3 Yr Avg 77,649 3,068 84,399 * Converting Mbf to cords and combining pulp and log values. 37 The Assistant Administrator continues to assume the lead role in the administration of all active timber sales. When activity ramps up, Department foresters and the DNR will provide some assistance. FOREST INVENTORY Correct, up-to-date stand information is imperative in the development of accurate short and long term sustainable harvest goals. There is a direct correlation between the quality and accuracy of the reconnaissance data and the ability for forest managers to confidently develop precise short and long term sustainable harvest goals. The accuracy of any sustainable harvest goal is only as good as the data from which it was derived. Therefore, it is important to update a certain level of stand information on an annual basis. Table 3 summarizes the inventory goal (compartment and stands) and actual accomplishments since 2015. The accomplishments for 2023 and 2024 are estimated: In 2001, the Department began the process of updating stand information on a compartment level basis. Compartments are a collection of stands contained within more well defined boundaries. Compartment boundaries could be roads, trails, section lines, rivers or other prominent natural features that provide a way to better categorize a large and expansive forest. Compartments can be as small as few hundred acres in size, to as large as a few thousand. The goal of compartment updates was to complete a full re-inventory of the forest over a period of 15 to 20 years. In 2018, the final compartments were assigned for inventory. By the end of 2019, all 204 compartments were re-inventoried. Ideally, it is best to keep stand level information as current as possible. The general goal is to minimize the number of stands with data that is 20 years old or older. Maintaining a compartment re-inventory program of 15 to 20 years is one way of ensuring stand level data is accurate and current. Starting in 2014, the Department began an emphasis on updating select individual cover types that supplemented compartment level reviews. In 2014, the two major cover types targeted for update Table 3: Bayfield County Forest Inventory (acres) Year Goal Accomplishment 2015 12,500 13,422 2016 12,500 7,370 2017 12,500 8,945 2018 12,500 13,074 2019 13,000 6,167 2020 14,000 13,868 2021 12,000 17,970 2022 12,000 11,312 2023 13,000 13,000 2024 18,000 18,000 Average 13,200 12,313 38 were mature stands of red oak and mature stands of jack pine. One primary goal of re-inventory was to develop a system to better prioritize the future management of these two types. In 2015 and 2016, the target species were the remaining stands of mature red oak and developing strategies/plans for northern hardwood, for similar reasons. In 2017 and 2018, the emphasis was placed on mature stands of northern hardwood. In 2019, the decision was made to take a one-year break from the compartment level re-inventory process. Instead, an emphasis was placed on finishing up the few compartments that remained from the first round of inventory, as well as targeting stand level priorities like aspen (analyzing the potentially higher risk aspen stands, see the hypoxylon discussion in the aspen section, page 13). In 2020 and 2021, stand level inventory wasn’t as intense and primarily involved addressing a few remaining mature stands of jack pine. In 2022, scrub oak was prioritized, as well as a few additional mature stands of swamp hardwoods. And in 2023, soon to be mature aspen stands were targeted, primarily to establish a tighter harvest projection timeline. • The inventory goal for 2024 will be divided into two distinct categories/levels: compartment and stand. o The compartment inventory goal for 2024 is: 10,000 acres. This will be accomplished by resuming data collection at the compartment level. The long-term goal will be to re-inventory all 204 compartments over a period of 15 to 20 years. At 10,000 acres per year, the entire forest should be re-inventoried in 17 to 18 years. o The stand level inventory goal for 2024 is: 8,000 acres. Two different primary cover types will be targeted as part of the stand level inventory: o Natural origin red and white pine: 3,000 acres. In general, these are some of the oldest stands on the county forest (often 100+ years of age), tend to be of smaller size (in acreage) and widely scattered. One goal of re-inventory is to determine future management strategies for this relatively unique type. o Aspen: 5,000 acres. The Department adopted an aspen re-inventory process in 2023. The goal was to collect more detailed stand level information in the 39 to 45 year age class to better predict when those stands will be ready for management. This includes using CFI information and FVS modeling to better predict diameter and volume growth. A long-term goal is to collect similar information on aspen stands currently aged 35-39 years old, to better strategize long-term management goals. o Other timber types may also be included as part of the inventory goal, if necessary. If other stand level priorities are identified, the compartment level goal will be reduced accordingly. o The total inventory goal for 2024 is: 18,000 acres. o Due to the above average workload associated with re-inventory in 2024, if time becomes limited, one or all of the goals listed above may be reduced, based on highest priority and need. When updating entire compartments, priorities will be placed on those that contain a larger percentage of old data (≥20 years old), as well as those that contain a larger percentage of stands prescribed for management in the near future. 39 Continuous Forest Inventory (CFI) and Continuous Regeneration Survey (CRS) Programs In 2018, the Department began the development and implementation of a new long term forest monitoring program, termed continuous forest inventory (CFI). The plots were established throughout all cover types on the forest and conform with Wisconsin DNR CFI protocols. The Wisconsin DNR has provided some assistance in the establishment of the program, particularly in the early stages. Establishing 682 permanent plots, county forest wide, will provide a sampling error not to exceed 5% across all timber types and 10% within each two-inch size class, up to 17 inches in diameter. Establishing CFI plots at this level of intensity equates to about 1 plot for every 260 acres of forest land. The primary purpose of implementing a permanent and continuous forest inventory is to collect statistically sound stand information that will be used to report on the status and trends of the forest. The multitude of data that will be collected as part of every plot will be used to track variables like, but not limited to: forest extent, forest cover (by type), volume, growth, quality, mortality, removals, regeneration, habitat, health (both at the stand level and forest wide), carbon sequestration, invasive species, soils, down woody debris, biomass, insects and disease, herbivory, and more. Current reconnaissance (compartment and stand level) and other forest monitoring efforts provide a stable foundation, but information gleaned from CFI will take it to the next level. In addition, CFI will not replace the need to continue monitoring the forest on a stand or compartment level basis. However, CFI will cover a broader depth of forest attributes; will provide significantly greater analysis and reporting capabilities; and will supplement information obtained through annual and routine reconnaissance. Roughly two-thirds of the CFI plots (446 plots) will also be used as part of the carbon offset project (see the Carbon section below). Forest regeneration sub-plots will also be incorporated as part of the CFI. The Department is currently in the process of implementing/fine tuning a system of forest regeneration monitoring, initially utilizing the WDNR Forest Regeneration Metric (FRM), on all stands that have received management, where regeneration is a primary goal (also in the process of developing a sub-sample for the aspen type). Starting in 2021, the Department has established a new method to sample regeneration, termed Competitive Regeneration Survey (CRS), which utilizes some components of FRM. Regeneration data obtained from CFI will be used to supplement the already exhaustive FRM and CRS information that will be collected, by the Department, at the stand level. CFI will also produce a wealth of information to assist in the planning and decision making processes (both short and long term). Factors and/or questions like annual volume growth per cover type, product and/or quality development, responses to forest management, extent of invasive species, impacts of insects and/or disease, impacts of climate change, etc., will all be attainable with the statistically sound information gleaned from CFI. 40 The establishment phase was completed in fall 2022. A total of 682 CFI plots have been established across the entire ownership. The program is now on a five-year re-measurement schedule, which will involve re-measuring about 140 plots per year. • The CFI plot establishment and data collection goal will be broken into two categories: establishment and re-measurement. o The re-measurement goal for 2024 is: 136 plots. o In order to achieve the desired objectives for the CFI program, a portion of the total goal for plot re-measurement will be contracted out in 2024. It is estimated that roughly 90 plots will be contracted. o The remaining re-measurement plots, estimated to be 46, will be addressed by county staff. • The DNR provided assistance during the initial round of plot establishment. However, the 2023 and 2024 workloads will be addressed by a combination of contractors and county staff. There may be an opportunity for some DNR assistance in 2024. If so, any re-measurement plots completed by the DNR would reduce the county workload. Forest Carbon Assessments and Marketing The County Forest provides an important ecosystem function in the form of carbon sequestration, or the uptake and storage of carbon in trees, shrubs, vegetation and associated wood products. The carbon sink in forests and wood products helps to offset sources of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere i.e. as created by activities such as deforestation, forest fires, and fossil fuel emissions. Awareness of, or emphasis on, carbon sequestration has evolved over time, especially as concerns regarding a potentially changing climate and subsequent negative impacts have commanded more attention. Sustainable forest management practices, such as those currently prescribed by the Department, can increase the ability of the forest to sequester atmospheric carbon, while still producing and/or enhancing other core ecosystem services i.e. timber products; recreational opportunities; wildlife habitat; improved soil and water quality. Harvesting and regenerating forests can also result in improved net carbon sequestration in wood products and new forest growth, especially when compared to other alternative land uses. Interest in forest carbon sequestration projects has also increased, as entities explore options or opportunities for climate change mitigation. Over the past few decades, carbon markets have emerged as one option to address climate change related concerns. The voluntary retail carbon market continues to evolve, especially as an increasing number of individuals, governments, companies, and similar entities pledge and/or seek to reduce their carbon footprints or become carbon neutral. In response to the various (and often significant) commitments to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, carbon is now a priced and valuable environmental commodity in the global marketplace (with offsets available for purchase within the carbon markets). By allowing the broader public to engage in climate protection, the voluntary market has the potential to further advance societal awareness of carbon emissions, the potential impacts of climate change and the significance of consumer action and/or behavior. 41 Data regarding carbon sequestration is collected as part of the CFI program. Information from the CFI program can be used to develop, assess and analyze carbon stocks and trends on the County Forest (or carbon accounting). Carbon stock and trend information, in conjunction with other similar assessments on forest carbon, can help the Department better understand the correlation between carbon storage, previous management practices and disturbance impacts. In February 2021, Bayfield County officially approved moving forward with a forest carbon offset/marketing project that would involve most of the county forest (roughly 158,000 acres), but only if it was determined to be a good fit with the current mission of the Department, and it didn’t conflict with County Forest Law. After both contingencies were satisfied, in early April 2021, Bayfield County entered into an agreement with Bluesource, LLC (now called ANEW) to help develop, register, verify and administer the project. ANEW will assist the county in all aspects of the carbon project including, but not limited to: development, listing, inventory (a total of 446 CFI plots and associated data will also be used as carbon inventory plots), growth and yield monitoring, verification, registration, maintenance, administration, and marketing. The agreement with ANEW will be for the first 10 years of the project (with an exclusive option to extend), but the terms of use with ACR will be for a 40 year period. The results of any forest carbon project could have the potential to influence certain approaches or strategies regarding the sustainable management of the County Forest, as determined by the Forestry and Parks Administrator and/or Committee. It also has the potential to positively impact the budget. Depending on the amount of carbon offsets available to market, as well as the price per unit during the time of sale, Bayfield County is anticipating a significant new source of revenue from the sale of carbon offsets. The verification audit was completed in July 2022. Post audit follow-up and final project registration are expected to be completed in 2023. The first tranche of credits were registered in June 2023. A total of 558,755 credits were issued as part of the first reporting period (RP). The voluntary forest carbon market experienced a significant decline in 2023. As such, to date, no carbon credits have officially been sold. In addition to the credits issued during the first RP, an equal number of new credits are expected to be registered from the second RP, as well as a significant amount from the third RP. Meaning that there could be nearly 1.5 million credits issued and unsold by Q3 or Q4 2024. Until market conditions improve, it will be difficult to predict when or if carbon returns will be received. All expenses associated with the carbon project are addressed in the payment to the county. As such, there will be no direct budgeted expenses associated with this carbon project for the duration of the contract with ANEW. Below are the anticipated workloads associated with the carbon project in 2024: • Project Development and Marketing – Ongoing. Work associated with marketing credits issued as part of the first RP (April 1, 2021-March 31, 2022), as well as those expected to be issued as part of the second (April 1 2022-March 31, 2023) and third (April 1, 2023-March 31, 2024) RPs is expected to increase in 2024. The Department will continue working with ANEW on the development of marketing materials and strategies. 42 o A total of 159,656 acres of the Bayfield County Forest is participating in the voluntary carbon market under the American Carbon Registry (ACR) Improved Forest Management (IFM) program. The Bayfield County project continues to be one of the largest carbon projects, involving a public forest, in the nation to participate in the voluntary market. • Carbon Credit Issuance – Ongoing. o Credits from the first RP were issued in June 2023. A total of nearly 559,000 credits were included as part of that first issuance. o Credits from the second RP are expected to be issued in 2024. A total of roughly 570,000 credits are expected to be released as part of the second issuance. o Credits from the third RP are also expected to be issued in 2024. The total amount associated with the third RP is expected to be less than the first two. But likely in the 350,000 to 400,000 range. o Due to poor voluntary carbon market conditions, the timing of the release of RP2 and RP3 credits will likely be more strategic and coincide with upticks in marketability. This is expected to occur is Q3 or Q4 2024. o When RP2 and RP3 credits are issued, and when combined with those already issued through RP1, it is anticipated that nearly 1.5 million carbon credits will have been registered for the Bayfield County Forest project by the end of 2024. • Carbon Revenue and the Forest Carbon Reserve Fund (FCOR). Due to the receding voluntary market, it’s unclear when the county can expect to receive the first returns from the sale of carbon credits. If/when carbon revenue is received, depending on the amount, certain portions of the FCOR will be enacted. o FCOR. The County Offset Reserve Fund (COR) was approved in early 2023. As part of the COR, two distinctly different categories were established: the County Carbon Offset Reserve (CCOR) and the FCOR. If carbon returns are realized in 2024, then workloads associated with managing the FCOR will also increase. This would include the development of a recreation grant, as well as plans associated with the Forest Management and Land Acquisition programs. Refer to the COR document for more information regarding plans for the allocation and implementation of carbon proceeds. • Reporting. The annual reporting period will be April 1 – March 31. As part of that process, ANEW will request information regarding removals and/or disturbances that occurred during the reporting period. This will involve supplying haul slips (tickets), mill scales, log scales, total volumes removed (harvested), any significant natural event (e.g. windstorm, insect/disease outbreaks, wildfire, etc) that resulted in tree mortality, and more. • CFI Plot Re-Measurement – Spring 2024. As part of the reporting process, some CFI plots (that have been included as part of the carbon project) will need to be remeasured. All plots that have been disturbed e.g. timber harvest, storm damage, fire, etc, since the last reporting period, need to be remeasured and reported to ACR. Plot remeasurement will now be an annual workload as part of the carbon project. o The CFI Plot Re-Measurement goal, associated with the carbon project, in 2024 is expected to be around 20 plots. • Carbon Metrics and Forest Management Strategies. As the carbon project evolves, one goal will be to explore opportunities to incorporate carbon/climate metrics into the routine forest management processes. This may involve working with our carbon contractor (ANEW), professional climate change collaboratives/groups e.g. the Northern Institute of Applied 43 Climate Science (NIACS) or other contractors and will likely include the development of a model, database and/or similar system that will help better predict the impacts different management strategies will have on carbon sequestration rates and/or storage capacity. Work associated with maintaining the carbon project is expected to remain stable in 2024. Though will increase depending on carbon returns and subsequent implementation of the FCOR plan. While the actual workload is still relatively unknown, especially with regards to marketing and addressing carbon credit sales, CFI plot re-measurement and reporting will become an annual occurrence. REFORESTATION Reforestation, be it natural or artificial, is a core building block of forest sustainability and a fundamental component of any forest management program. A successful reforestation program provides numerous benefits, some of which include: the restoration of forest productivity, fertility and environmental function; the assurance of a perpetual, sustainable supply of forest resources and amenities for future generations; the protection of soil and water quality; and the establishment and development of quality wildlife habitat. Table 4 summarizes the reforestation efforts since 2015 (2023 and 2024 are estimated): Spring Planting The planting program has changed significantly over the past decade. Between 2008 and 2013, an average of 350 acres of red pine, 210 acres of jack pine and 70 acres of white pine were planted every year. Since 2015, the average has been about 172 acres of red pine, 4 acres of jack pine and 21 acres of white pine. In addition, prior to 2013, 0 acres of jack pine were artificially seeded. Since 2015 and including the goal for 2024, an average of roughly 350 acres of jack pine has been seeded per year. Table 4: Bayfield County Forest Reforestation Program Summary (acres) Seeding Monitoring Red Pine Jack Pine White Pine Jack Pine Trench Fire Plow Scarify Spray Bud Cap TSI1 Regen 2015 62 0 129 202 717 0 99 634 239 1 2,337 2016 203 39 0 393 570 0 102 492 239 0 2,580 2017 36 2 0 460 279 0 115 585 71 46 2,931 2018 134 0 0 563 257 14 154 296 38 0 5,408 2019 92 0 0 216 305 10 112 323 8 0 5,834 2020 104 0 0 499 355 26 165 505 0 0 4,010 2021 124 0 0 291 363 0 46 848 0 0 3,434 2022 273 0 0 368 278 20 0 252 0 44 2,882 2023 482 0 85 402 270 0 10 185 300 40 3,070 2024 212 0 0 140 240 60 25 198 150 60 3,512 Avg.172 4 21 353 363 13 83 432 105 19 3,600 1 Timber Stand Improvement - Hand release of established regeneration Site PreparationPlantingYear Maintenance 44 The primary reasons for the changes in the reforestation program (planting and seeding) are as follows: 1) re-planting of the old fuel break areas has been completed. The last remaining stand scheduled to be reforested (144 acres) was seeded to jack pine in 2016; 2) a general lack of previously open areas, which, in the past, were planted to red pine; 3) a lack of mature red pine stands that are ready for regeneration; 4) movement towards primarily jack pine regeneration in the Barnes Barrens Management Area; 5) an emphasis on seeding when attempting to regenerate jack pine; and 6) much of the acreage planted during the early 2000’s was in direct response to severe defoliation and subsequent mortality related to an outbreak of jack pine bud worm. As mentioned above, one direction over the past decade plus was to reforest some of the previously established fuel breaks. The breaks were/are located in the barrens area, south of Iron River and north of Barnes. These breaks were approximately ¼ mile wide by a few miles long and were maintained as primarily open grasses. In theory, the breaks would provide a first level of defense if an intensive wild fire were to occur. Portions of the break still exist near the Potawatomi sub- division, but a majority of the breaks have now been reforested. In total, roughly 1,300 acres of old fuel break have been reforested, primarily to red pine, but also some to jack pine. Approximately 350 acres still exist near the sub-division. As part of the local wildfire mitigation plan, the Department now incorporates wider harvest corridors along road rights of way in an attempt to increase the defensible space (the goal is to maintain a grass or fuel free zone at least 50 feet in width on each side of a town road corridor). Also, an additional fuel break road (averaging 100 feet in width) was established between Barnes and Weldon roads, to provide another level of defense in an area where some private development exists. • The 2024 planting goal is: 212 acres and consists of the following: o New planting sites: Four sites will be planted, totaling 212 acres (14, 47, 60 and 91 acres, respectively). All sites will be planted with containerized stock at a rate of roughly 800 trees per acre. For a total of nearly 170,000 trees. o Starting in 2025, the Department will be using a slightly larger planting stock. These seedlings will be a little taller and will have a slightly larger caliper. The goal with the larger stock is to give the seedlings a better advantage, especially when considering a potential shift away from the use of herbicide for site prep activities within the designated barrens areas. o Replanted sites: No sites will be replanted in 2024. o White pine underplanting: No sites will be underplanted with white pine in 2024. In the future, the general expectation is that red pine plantings will hover between 100 and 300 acres or less per year; white pine under plantings will vary, depending on the availability of suitable sites; and jack pine will be planted only when it’s determined to be more advantageous to do so (typically on sites of relatively small acreage, where seeding is more difficult, on sites that require more intensive site preparation due to excessive competition, where prior seeding attempts failed or produced only marginal success, or other similar situations). However, previously seeded sites have been marginally successful. Often resulting in lower than expected stocking levels, as well as a few sites that required supplemental planting (to achieve the desired stocking level). While regenerating jack pine via seed is still the preferred method, a shift to including more jack pine planting will likely increase in the future. 45 As stated in the Swamp Hardwood section, if/when EAB arrives, nearly all of the ash trees will quickly die. Because black ash will no longer be looked upon as a viable tree to regenerate the stand, the Department must find alternative species capable of establishing and developing in these wetter environments. The natural regeneration of red maple, aspen, and other northern hardwood species will be a target in many swamp hardwood stands. However, natural regeneration may not always be feasible or result in an acceptable density of desirable growing stock. In these situations, planting may be necessary. The Department will continue collaborate with the DNR to explore/consider various reforestation alternatives in swamp hardwood stands. The Department will also continue to analyze red pine to determine if there is a need to begin regeneration harvests sooner, especially within certain Zones in the BBMA, in an attempt to evenly distribute age classes over the landscape. If so, annual harvests, and subsequent reforestation levels, would be adjusted accordingly. The Department was successful in securing two sizeable grants that will be used to help offset some of the costs associated with the planting program. Grants from the Arbor Day Foundation were used in 2023 and American Forests will be used, in part, to cover some of the costs associated with planting in 2023 and 2024. Spring Seeding The seeding program also changed significantly over the past few years. Before 2013, all reforestation activities were centered around planting. Artificial seeding was seldom used. Starting in 2013, the Department began implementing objectives that were developed as part of the Barnes Barrens Management Plan. Among other things, the plan identifies a preference to regenerate a jack pine dominated landscape (within the Barrens area), with artificial seeding as the preferred reforestation method. Seeding is preferred primarily because of the potential to create a more naturally regenerating landscape (that incorporates higher levels of variability and diversity). Before a site is seeded it needs to be mechanically prepped and usually sprayed. This provides a better seedbed for the delicate jack pine seed to germinate and develop. Also, adequate acreage needs to be available before local contractors are interested in the work. Many of the acres that were trenched in 2021 were also sprayed in 2022. These sites would then be seeded in 2023. The timing of timber harvests also has a direct impact on how many acres will be available for reforestation. As previously stated, timber sales are sold under two year contracts. The contractor can request numerous one-year extensions, meaning it can take up to four+ years to complete a timber sale. • The 2024 seeding goal is: 140 acres. o Jack pine seeding: 140 acres. A total of four different stands will be seeded at 3 ounces per acre, all via DNR airplane. All four sites are located in the BBMA and range from 4 to 83 acres in size. A total of roughly 27 pounds of locally sourced jack pine seed will be applied aerially. o Starting in 2020, all jack pine seeding sites will be seeded twice (in 46 successive years). Instead of seeding a site once at 4 ounces per acre, it will be seeded twice at 3 ounces per acre, each time. This will provide better coverage/distribution of seed and significantly reduce the potential for failure. • All four sites are being seeded for the second time. • The Department is also experimenting with no chemical site preparation prior to seeding (on suitable sites). Currently, the results are mixed. Because seed can take numerous years to germinate, providing a site that will be competition free for a long period of time (up to seven years) is critical. Different methods of mechanical site prep are being explored as an alternative to chemical e.g. a harrow plow, fire plow or more aggressive power trenching. o White pine seeding: 0 acres. In 2020, white pine was seeded on 110 acres (1 stand), primarily in an attempt to increase diversity within a stand of scrub oak and aspen. This site was aerially seeded at a rate of 4 ounces per acre, with a total of roughly 28 pounds of white pine seed. o While no white pine seeding is planned for 2024, the Department will continue to look for opportunities to increase species diversity within stands. If a suitable stand is located in 2024, seeding may occur, as time and budgets allow. o All seeding will be accomplished with assistance from the WDNR (pilot and airplane). As per routine practice, all sites will be monitored regularly to determine success. Portions of the American Forests grant may be used to help offset some of the reforestation costs associated with seeding within the BBMA. Site Preparation Nearly all stands that are scheduled to be planted or seeded require some form of site preparation. In general, site preparation reduces competition, exposes mineral soil and provides the optimal environment for the desired tree seedling to become established and develop. Site preparation methods can vary, the most common forms include (but are not limited to): power/disc trenching; fire plowing (also a form of trenching); blade scarification (primarily applied to pre-sale type site preparation activities); roller chopping; and spraying. Site preparation goals generally reflect the amount of known sales that have been completed within the previous year (and are in need of site prep). Occasionally, a few more timber sales are completed in time for addition to site prep goals. When that happens, the goal is adjusted accordingly, as budgets allow. • The 2024 reforestation goal for site preparation is divided into four distinct categories: o Power/Disc Trenching: 240 acres. This form will prepare sites for future seeding and planting activities. o Currently, the Department is experimenting with using a powered harrow disc when prepping sites for jack pine seeding. This more intensive level of 47 site prep is expected to provide a better seed bed. As such, the goal is to significantly reduce or eliminate the additional use of chemical on reforestation activities within the managed barrens areas. Harrowing is more expensive than the traditional power trench, but the costs are more comparable if able to eliminate the chemical treatment. At this time, it is not known how many stands, if any, will be treated with the harrow in 2024. o The Department will also be monitoring the harrow sites more intensively to determine if this form of treatment is more effective. o Pre-Sale Scarification: 25 acres. In the past, straight blade scarification (with a dozer) was conducted prior to a timber harvest (pre-sale) in stands of red oak, paper birch and/or northern hardwoods. In general, the goal of this form of scarification is to help facilitate the natural regeneration of red oak and paper birch, as well as reduce competition from non-desirable species, such as ironwood and, in some stands, red maple. This work is generally accomplished by DNR staff, with DNR equipment. o The Department is currently in the process of evaluating the effectiveness of this form of site preparation (with a straight blade). Other forms of scarification e.g. salmon blade, anchor chains, etc will also be considered to help facilitate the successful natural regeneration of targeted hardwood species. The goal for 2024 is 25 acres, but, if a stand with significant levels of undesirable competition is discovered, the number of acres may be increased, as time and budgets allow. o Roller Chopping (Scarification): approximately 214 acres. Roller chopping has been accomplished in the past three years within the managed barrens areas. This form of site preparation is different from the rest in this category in that the target is to facilitate a productive barrens habitat (which is generally devoid of trees). o In 2024, roughly 114 acres are currently slated for treatment within the BBMA and around 100 acres within the Bass Lake Barrens Management Area (BLBMA). If additional sites are discovered, similar treatments may be prescribed in each area, as time and budgets allow. • This activity has also been funded through various wildlife grants in the past. Previous work was accomplished via contract. In late 2023, the Department secured significant funding to purchase a roller chopper. This unit will be used on all future projects and will likely be pulled via a combination of county and DNR equipment. Additionally, some of the costs associated with this actively will be offset by the American Forests grant. If additional sites are discovered, similar funding sources will be pursued to help defray total costs. Whenever possible, prescribed fire will be used in the future to maintain the open barrens habitat. o Spraying: 198 acres total and divided into two distinct categories. o Site Preparation for Reforestation: 0 acres. • Inside BBMA: 0 acres. • Outside BBMA: 0 acres. • Applied a year after trenching to produce a site generally free of initial undesirable tree species. This creates an environment that 48 allows the seedlings to germinate, establish and develop in a relatively free-to-grow condition. o Zero acres will be treated in 2024, primarily due to all sites being addressed in 2023 and a natural lull in the program. The Department also continues to explore other alternatives to chemical use, which may also influence future rates of application. o Barrens Management – BLBMA and/or BBMA: Over the past few years, a significant effort has been made to begin the establishment of the BLBMA (see chapter 4000 of the Comp Plan for more information on the BLBMA and the Barrens section of this Workplan for more information on barrens related projects). Since aspen was a major component within many of the stands being converted to open barrens, chemical will be used to help establish the area. Afterwards, whenever possible, prescribed fire will be used to maintain the open barrens habitat within this area. o BLBMA: approximately 103 acres. o BBMA: 0 acres. o A significant amount of prescribed fire is anticipated in both barrens management areas in 2024. Nearly 600 acres are slated for treatment in the BLBMA and nearly 400 acres within the core area of the BBMA. Burns will be accomplished by the DNR, as conditions and resources allow. Refer to the Barrens Management section for more detailed information on prescribed burning. o Fire Plow: 60 acres. Fire plowing is used to prepare sites for planting or seeding. The number of acres being treated via fire plow will increase in 2024, as the Department explores other effective site prep methods that can help minimize the use of chemical. In general, all fire plow sites are accomplished by the DNR. Also, the potential exists to replace some areas scheduled to be prepped via trenching with fire plowing. The Department will coordinate with the DNR to determine if additional fire plow sites would be feasible in 2024. If so, the trenching acres would be adjusted accordingly. As previously stated, additional sites, not already planned for as part of the 2024 goals, may be discovered in 2024. If/when previously unplanned stands are found, the goals are adjusted accordingly, as time and budgets allow. However, if newly discovered stands do not need immediate attention, they will be addressed in the following year. Whenever possible, grants and additional similar funding sources will be pursued throughout the year to help defray some costs associated with the reforestation program. Release On occasion, young regenerating stands, whether reforested naturally or with artificial means, need a little assistance. During the regeneration process, competition from other trees or vegetation can significantly reduce growth rates, negatively impact species density and diversity, and, in some cases, if not treated, result in partial or complete failure of the reforestation activity. 49 As part of the routine and regular monitoring program, stands are examined to determine if additional inputs by the Department are needed to help with the development of a stand (if needed, the activity is generally termed release). In general, the Department has used three different forms of competition control, or release, to help achieve desired stand objectives: spraying (use of chemicals), timber stand improvement (or TSI), which uses hand held power tools (i.e. brush saws, chainsaws, etc.) or prescribed fire. Spraying is most common when treating plantations, generally red pine, and is prescribed on an as needed basis. Occasionally, young plantations need treatment in order to release seedlings from undesirable vegetative competition. This release can significantly increase seedling growth and improve the rate of survival. Spraying as part of the initial site preparation treatment process (before the site is planted or seeded), generally significantly reduces the need to also release. Spraying to release existing plantations hasn’t been necessary since 2014. The prescribed burn program, for the regeneration and/or maintenance of specific timber types (typically red oak), is still under review to gauge the effectiveness of fire. Prescribed fire, for silvicultural purposes, e.g. red oak management, hasn’t been actively employed since 2012, though the DNR still maintains portions of the fuel break via prescribed fire and will be actively managing the BBMA and BLBMA in the future. Timber stand improvement may also be prescribed on regenerating stands in need of maintenance. In 2017, 46 acres of northern hardwood stands were treated with brush saws to release desirable regeneration. This marked the first time the Department used contract crews to treat a regenerating stand. In the treated stands of northern hardwoods, undesirable species (primarily ironwood) were severed to release the more desirable maple, red oak and birch. Failure to do so has the potential to significantly decrease species diversity, reduce the growth and development of desirable tree species, and negatively impact the future production of the stand. In the future, it is anticipated that TSI will become more routine and will be required to improve the growth potential and survival of desired regeneration in many previously managed hardwood stands i.e. northern hardwoods, red oak, birch, etc., as well as some conifer stands (primarily white pine under plantings). Other forms of mechanical release are also constantly being explored (i.e. mowing, dozer and straight blade, etc.) and may be prescribed if deemed feasible, as budgets allow. CFI and FRM will help to reveal the extent to which TSI will be required, as well as to monitor the impacts/results of previous treatments. • In 2024, the reforestation release goal will be divided into three distinct sections: o Spraying: 0 acres. No stands are scheduled for chemical release in 2024. However, through routine and regular monitoring, a few stands may be determined to require release. If so, these stands will be treated as budgets allow. o TSI: 60 acres. Over the past few years, a few stands have been hand treated (mechanically) to release desired regeneration. It is anticipated that the results of regeneration surveys will reveal additional stands in need of treatment. If so, these 50 stands will be treated mechanically, as time and budgets allow. In 2024, newly regenerating gaps within stands of northern hardwoods will be targeted, as will areas where red oak is the desired species. Ironwood and other undesirable tree species will be targeted for removal, to release the more desirable species, like maple, oak and birch. o Prescribed Fire: ~1,000 acres. All of this work is generally accomplished by the DNR with DNR staff and equipment. Department staff may provide some assistance with prescribed burning. o BLBMA: approximately 600 acres within the western half of the area; o BBMA: approximately 400 acres within two areas of the core (NW and SE quadrants); o All burns will be addressed as time, resources, weather windows and budgets allow. o The Department will also continue to work with the DNR to determine if future stands would benefit from a prescribed burn to better facilitate the regeneration of desired tree species. If so, these stands will be managed as time and budgets allow. o Refer to the Barrens Management section for more detailed information on prescribed burning. Seedling Protection Starting in 2013, the Department used bud caps to protect young jack pine seedlings from browsing by white tailed deer. In total, 239 acres were bud capped. This literally involves stapling a 3”x 3” piece of copy paper over the terminal bud/leader of each planted seedling. The reason: plantation monitoring in this area has shown signs of excessive deer browsing. Failure to protect the seedlings could lead to plantation failure. Bud capping would need to be repeated every year until the seedlings are beyond the reach of the deer, which typically takes 3 or 4 years. Currently, the focus is on stands that are planted with containerized jack pine (as these seedlings are a little more nutrient rich when compared to bare root stock or natural regeneration). These same stands were capped in 2014, 2015 and 2016. A few stands reached the desired height and were removed from capping in 2017. As a result, only 71 acres were capped in 2017, 38 acres in 2018 and 8 acres in 2019. No acres were bud capped in 2020-2022. However, numerous sites have been negatively impacted by heavy browsing and will likely require future protection (if browse levels intensify and/or are consistently repeated). • The bud capping goal for 2024 is: 150 acres. This will be highly dependent on browse pressure observed over winter and into early spring. A total of 300 acres was budgeted in 2023, but a significant decrease in next year browse pressure eliminated the need to act. As a result, no acres were bud capped in 2023. If needed in 2024, bud capping will primarily involve previously seeded jack pine stands, but could also include some red pine plantations. This number may move slightly (up or down) based on follow-up site inspections. Some of this expense (within the BBMA) may be offset by the American Forests grant. Seedling protection may also include some level of deer repellant spray (e.g. Plantskydd) instead of bud capping. 51 Regeneration is monitored on a routine and regular basis. If plantations of red pine or underplantings of white pine or other similar reforestation attempts are experiencing similar browsing issues/pressures, these stands may also be bud capped, as budgets allow. The Department also maintains two large scale deer exclusion fences on the forest. Both were constructed with eight foot tall, high tensile woven wire. A 29 acre exclusion is located south of Oulu and was installed during the spring of 2007. While a 50 acre exclusion is located south of Cable and was installed during the fall of 2008. Both fences were constructed on stands being actively managed for red oak. Both locations are routinely monitored to study the growth and development of regeneration and to better understand the potential influences of browsing by deer. Both fence locations have also been recently harvested, where the overstory was removed to allow established regeneration to recruit. Each site will continue to be monitored to evaluate the effectiveness of the fence. The fences will also be maintained throughout this process, with the goal of eventual removal once seedlings have established and attainted dominance. A few smaller scale fences (less than ¼ acre in size, made from high density plastic) have also been constructed on the forest. These are much smaller in size, but still intended to monitor the impacts of excessive browsing by white tailed deer. As opportunities arise, additional small exclusion fencing may also be installed around canopy gaps in stands of northern hardwoods, or within stands of regenerating red oak, as a way to monitor development and potential browsing impacts. This effort will continue to occur in 2024, as time and budgets allow. Natural Regeneration The majority of stands managed by the Department regenerate naturally i.e. they do not require site preparation, planting or seeding in the reforestation process. In 2024, thousands of acres, across a variety of forest types, will be naturally regenerated. The exact amount is solely dependent on the total number of acres previously harvested. Forest types such as northern hardwoods and aspen regenerate naturally via seed, stump sprouting and/or coppicing (vegetative sprouting from existing root system) and require very little additional input from the Department. However, the natural regeneration of hardwood forest types such as red oak and paper birch often require additional maintenance efforts/inputs by the Department. As previously stated, reforestation can be accomplished by either natural or artificial means. Table 4 above tracks annual reforestation accomplishments, but primarily as they pertain to artificial regeneration or when additional inputs were required by the Department (i.e. site preparation, release, bud capping, etc.). Subsequently, most of the monitoring listed in Table 4 is centered around stands that were reforested artificially, those that also received additional inputs from the Department, or when the establishment of adequate and/or desirable regeneration is a concern i.e. excessive deer browse issues, most oak harvests, most white birch harvests, and some northern hardwood gaps (primarily where site quality is marginal and/or competition from ironwood is excessive). 52 Examples of additional inputs to aid in the natural regeneration process include: pre or post sale site scarification to prepare a favorable seed bed and reduce competition, pre or post sale burning, TSI to reduce competition from undesirable tree seedlings and/or prepare favorable seedbeds, and deer browse protection i.e. fencing, repellents, etc. to improve the tree seedlings chance of survival. These additional inputs occur when issues or opportunities arise and are treated on a case by case basis, as time and/or budgets allow. Every stand managed by the Department is ultimately reforested with an adequate stocking of desirable trees. However, not all treatments are regeneration harvests. Some stands are thinned, where a small portion of the trees are removed, typically with the goal of improving development on the higher quality stems left behind. Termed even-aged thinnings (also improvement or intermediate harvests), these treatments generally target the removal of the poorest quality trees; those that exhibit poor form and/or vigor; and undesirable, diseased or otherwise unhealthy individuals. During the thinning process, trees are also removed to improve the development of adjacent higher quality stems, that are also competing for the same limited resources i.e. light, nutrients, water, etc. Stands that are managed with even-aged thinning practices are ultimately regenerated, but only when approaching the designated rotation age for that species. Natural regeneration (either from seed or vegetatively via root suckers or stump sprouts) is the preferred method of reforestation in all hardwood types (i.e. aspen, birch, northern hardwood, oak), as well as some stands of conifer (primarily swamp conifer i.e. tamarack and black spruce, as well as some stands of white pine). Hardwood types such as red oak and paper birch are reforested primarily with even-aged treatments (i.e. shelterwood, seed tree and/or clearcut) and typically require additional inputs from the Department to facilitate the natural regeneration process. Site preparation, competition control, the manipulation of light, timing of seed dispersal, etc all need to be addressed when regenerating red oak and white birch. As a result, these stands are monitored more intensively, as regeneration can be highly variable and the Department may need to act quickly if the stand is not responding to the treatment. Hardwood types such as northern hardwood (typically dominated by sugar maple and basswood, and sometimes with components of yellow birch, red maple and white ash) can be managed with even or un-even aged techniques. Maple isn’t as unpredictable as red oak and typically doesn’t require additional inputs from the Department to encourage adequate regeneration. However, when implementing un-even aged treatments (i.e. when gaps or small groups are incorporated to initiate a new cohort or age class), the Department is discovering some issues with the process of natural regeneration. On moderate or poorer quality northern hardwood sites, competition from ironwood has been a growing concern. Deer exacerbate this problem, as repeated browsing slows growth (and can eventually kill the tree) and allows less desirable or undesirable (i.e. ironwood) species to attain and maintain dominance. Gaps or groups (for regeneration) comprise a relatively small percentage of the stand (typically 10 to 25%), so it doesn’t take a large population of deer to eventually locate and browse the seedlings. 53 All of which can have a negative impact on overall stand growth and development, as well as influence how and when stands are managed in the future. Poor/slow growth rates on the residual trees, and inadequate recruitment of regeneration into the overstory, are also significant concerns on these lower quality sites. As a result, most northern hardwood stands that are treated with regeneration gaps or groups are monitored intensively. Additional inputs may be required to facilitate the natural regeneration of desirable hardwood seedlings (i.e. site preparation or TSI). Other hardwood types, such as aspen, regenerate prolifically after harvest and rarely require additional inputs or follow-up from the Department. However, these stands are regularly monitored as part of the Department’s reconnaissance and CRS/FRM programs. Due to concerns with the potential impacts of a warming climate, the Department is also in the process of establishing a more intensive monitoring program for regenerating stands of aspen. Quaking aspen has been identified as one of many timbers type that could be negatively impacted due to changes in the climate. Stands developing on marginal sites are more inherently stressed and could be most at risk (i.e. sites that are nutrient poor). In addition, the presence of hypoxylon could have a significant impact on stand health and development. Monitoring in aspen will cover a cross section of habitat types, but will prioritize stands developing on sites classified, by the Department, as marginal or nutrient poor. However, a subset of aspen sites, developing throughout all habitat types (poor to high), will also be part of the regeneration monitoring process. Table 4a summarizes the general management or reforestation goals for every completed (closed out) sale from 2013 through 2022. An important distinction between Tables 4 and 4a: Table 4 summarizes the actual reforestation activity that was physically accomplished per year; while Table 4a summarizes the planned reforestation activity that will occur in the future, once a timber sale has been closed out. Table 4a: Summary of Treatments and Reforestation Activities on Completed Timber Sales (acres) 2013 1,215 830 866 2,912 4,177 2014 3,032 1,113 1,075 5,219 4,388 2015 3,127 1,053 586 4,766 4,958 2016 1,570 830 492 2,892 4,750 2017 2,176 1,044 872 4,092 4,101 2018 2,493 1,183 571 4,247 3,813 2019 2,144 455 723 3,322 4,267 2020 2,399 567 671 3,637 5,052 2021 1,952 906 974 3,832 4,114 2022 2,386 617 1,289 4,292 3,993 Average 2,249 860 812 3,921 4,361 1 Natural reforestation refers to stands that will regenerate via seed located naturally on site, or vegetatively via coppicing or stump sprouts. 2 Artificial reforestation refers to stands that will be physically planted or seeded by the Department. 3 Thinnings encompase stands that were treated with even aged prescriptions (or intermediate harvests). These stands are eventually reforested (either naturally or artificially), at a later date, as per the designated rotation age for that particular timber type. Total New Sales SoldYearNatural Reforestation1 Artificial Reforestation2 Thinnings3 Total Completed Sales 54 As part of the forest management prescription, reforestation is basically categorized or classified in one of three ways: 1) with natural regeneration as the reforestation goal; 2) with artificial regeneration as the reforestation goal; or 3) as an even aged thinning (or intermediate treatment), where reforestation will come at a later date. The general breakdown of reforestation goals in 2024 is expected to align closely with the averages summarized in the table above. A timber sale is considered completed when every component of the contract has been met, to the satisfaction of the Department. This includes harvesting, hauling and stumpage payments, as well as all road maintenance and/or closure or other similar requirements. Timber sales are sold under two year contracts and can be extended for another two to three years (and sometimes more). At any point during the contract period, a timber sale can go active. Once active, it is common for a contractor to harvest a portion of the sale and then move off, leaving more to harvest at a later date. It’s also common for activity to carry over into another calendar year. A timber sale can still be classified as active even if all harvesting, hauling and stumpage payments have been met, but other contractual obligations are still outstanding i.e. road work or other similar requirements. It is also important to note that sales are tracked by the date they are entered into the database (WisFIRS). In some situations, work to complete the sale was actually performed in the year prior to when the data was actually entered into the system. This explains one of the reasons why the total acreage for sales completed and total acreage for all reforestation activities do not match in any given year. Aspen, northern hardwoods and red oak are the three most prominent types that will regenerate naturally (though red oak often requires more input from the Department to foster the regeneration process); red pine and jack pine are most often prescribed to regenerate artificially (planted or seeded); and red pine and red oak are the two most prominent timber types that receive intermediate treatments (thinnings, but no direct regeneration activities). Seedling Counts (including the Competitive Regeneration Survey/Forest Regeneration Metric) All planted and seeded sites and many areas that were regenerated naturally require survival or regeneration counts. Monitoring the development of newly regenerating stands is an integral part of the reforestation process. Data collected from the counts are used to assess the development of the stand in a variety of ways, some of which include: determine stocking levels of desired tree species; survival and quality of regenerating seedlings; degree/intensity of undesirable competition; existence of insects and/or disease, and, if present, extent of threats/impacts to the stand; impact of herbivory, if present; and anything else of note. All of which provides valuable information when determining the effectiveness of the reforestation activity, if any additional inputs by the Department will be required to achieve the desired future condition and the next management prescription for the stand. 55 Seedling counts on sites that were reforested artificially (e.g. planted or seeded) are generally administered at one, two, three, five and/or ten years, or some combination thereof, after the regeneration activity on most planted and seeded sites. Seedling counts on naturally regenerating hardwood stands are typically administered two to four years after harvest (depending on the forest type) and also include one to two additional surveys to determine success. Some stands may receive additional monitoring after 10 years of age, especially if issues are discovered or if stands aren’t responding to treatment. Over the past few years, the Department has work closely with the WDNR in the development of a Forest Regeneration Metric (FRM), primarily for the assessment of sites regenerating naturally (primarily hardwoods). The metric was established, in part, to develop general survey methodology designed to assess natural regeneration by seedling and sapling size classes, thus providing a better, more scientific way to quantify results and discover/address potential issues. Not unique to Bayfield County, the WDNR created the metric to be utilized by all foresters as an additional measure during routine stand assessments. This type of metric can be used to characterize and quantify stand-level regeneration or be used in multiple stands to distinguish reforestation efforts by cover type on a county, regional, or statewide scale. If adopted by multiple agencies, it will also provide an opportunity to analyze regional trends, across ownerships, by providing a framework that allows for direct comparisons of data. Another primary responsibility of the newly created Inventory and Analysis Forester will be to develop, establish and implement a forest wide regeneration monitoring program utilizing the FRM methodology. Work has already begun on stands of northern hardwood, red oak, and paper birch, but the goal will be to expand monitoring to all stands, throughout all forest types. In addition to northern hardwoods, red oak, and birch, this will include monitoring aspen, scrub oak, swamp hardwoods, swamp conifer, and any other stand that will be regenerated naturally. Sampling protocols for aspen are still in the process of being established. Recently, after working with FRM methodology over the past few years, the Department concluded that the survey was not providing the results needed to help facilitate future management level decisions for each stand. The Competitive Regeneration Survey (CRS) was established internally using some FRM metrics combined with additional criteria. The goal of CRS is to measure/monitor stands that are being regenerated naturally to determine the likelihood of future success. And, if additional inputs will be required to facilitate the establishment and recruitment of desired tree species. Table 5 displays the total reforestation/regeneration monitoring goal for 2024. The goal (acres) is summarized by major forest type per reforestation category (natural or artificial) and treatment (planted, seeded, or natural), and also includes the total number of stands. 56 CRS was established in 2021 and will continued to be fine-tuned in 2024. The Department will also continue to collaborate with the DNR regarding the analysis of regeneration data with the goal of finding the most effective way of monitoring reforestation efforts and determining the next prescribed treatment for each stand. • As per Table 5, the total reforestation monitoring goal for 2024 is divided into two distinct categories: artificial (planting and seeding) and natural. o Artificial Reforestation Monitoring: which includes stands that were planted or seeded. A total of 1,340 acres on 23 different stands, summarized as follows: o Planted: 1,119 acres, covering 18 different stands, broken out as follows: o Red Pine: 1,034 acres on 17 stands; o White Pine: 85 acres on 1 stands (underplanted in a poor quality aspen stand); o Seeded: 221 acres, covering 5 different stands, all jack pine o Natural Regeneration Monitoring: 2,172 acres, covering 74 different stands. Because the natural regeneration monitoring program is still in the process of being re-developed and expanded, utilizing CRS, the goal may fluctuate accordingly. o Due to time constraints, the CRS goal for naturally regenerating stands is further divided into three priority categories (high, medium and low). o High Priority: all stands of northern hardwoods, swamp hardwoods and red oak. o Medium Priority: all stands of red maple, scrub oak, and white pine. o Low Priority: all stands of aspen and smaller stands (less than 5 acres in size) of northern hardwoods, red maple, red oak, swamp hardwoods and red pine. ▪ A subset of aspen will be developed by selecting approximately 25% of the stands that are ready to be monitored, equally distributed across the ownership. If Table 5: Bayfield County Forest Reforestation (Regeneration) Monitoring Goal (CY 2024) Acres # of Stands Acres # of Stands Acres # of Stands Red Pine 1,034 17 0 0 24 2 Jack Pine 0 0 221 5 6 1 White Pine 85 1 0 0 0 0 Aspen 0 0 0 0 197 6 Northern Hardwoods 0 0 0 0 600 18 Red Oak 0 0 0 0 779 28 Red Maple 0 0 0 0 78 3 Scrub Oak 0 0 0 0 357 9 Swamp Hardwoods 0 0 0 0 76 3 Swamp Conifer 0 0 0 0 55 4 Total 1,119 18 221 5 2,172 74 Species Artificial Reforestation Natural Reforestation Planted Seeded Natural 57 issues are discovered within the subset, additional stands may be selected for monitoring. o Also in 2024, continue working closely with the DNR on the development of a process/program for the analysis and summary of the older FRM data and newer CRS information. o The total regeneration monitoring goal for 2024 is: 3,512 acres, covering 97 stands. Time may very well be a limiting factor this year as the Department strives to accomplish all goals across all programs. If so, it may be necessary to make adjustments to the goal or further prioritize stands that will be monitored in 2024. All stands of artificial origin, as well as all stands of red oak and northern hardwoods will be of highest priority. While a subset of stands may be selected from forest types that traditionally have had no issues with regeneration, like aspen (see above). In addition to determining the general success of the reforestation activity, other specific goals of regeneration monitoring will include, but not be limited to: identifying stands that may require additional inputs i.e. mechanical scarification, TSI, prescribed fire, etc.; more intensive observation on cover types that are typically difficult to regenerate i.e. red oak, paper birch, as well as stands where competition from undesirable species has traditionally been more prevalent i.e. ironwood in stands of northern hardwood; and quantifying the presence and intensity/level of deer browse, especially important in cover types that have a history of being over browsed i.e. red oak, paper birch (as well as gaps within northern hardwood stands). CRS information will be a component of the continuous forest inventory and incorporated as part of that program. Between CRS information and CFI, Bayfield County will have a myriad of stand and landscape level information that will be used in all future forest management planning processes. Prescribed Fire Prescribed fire has traditionally been used to maintain portions of the fuel breaks located in the Township of Barnes, as well as to facilitate natural red oak reproduction in stands located throughout the county forest. In 2024, 0 acres of forested stands will be treated with prescribed fire, where the goal is to facilitate the regeneration of certain tree species i.e. red oak. However, portions of the existing fuel breaks may be treated with fire, if conditions allow. Fuel break burns are coordinated by the DNR. See below for a summary of prescribed burns scheduled in the BBMA, BLBMA and existing fuel breaks. All prescribed burns are planned, overseen, administered and completed by the DNR. County staff has always been invited to assist in the process and generally do, if time allows. Barrens Habitat Development (Barnes and Bass Lake Barrens Management Areas) Over the past decade, there has been a significant increase in the amount of resources dedicated to the establishment and maintenance of barrens. Starting with the development of the BBMA and now including the BLBMA. Specific goals and objectives of the barrens management program can 58 be found in the Barrens Management Plan (see Chapter 4000 of the Bayfield County Forest 15-Year Comprehensive Land Use Plan). Some of the primary objectives, as well as general barrens related goals for 2024 are as follows: • Delineate approximately 11,500 acres as a special management area on the Bayfield County Forest for the simultaneous management of timber products and the development and maintenance of early successional Open and Brush Prairie Pine Barrens habitat. • Identify, delineate and maintain a “core” area and four management zones within the special management area. Prescribed fire and/or chemical treatments will be utilized to maintain the permanent core area in an open condition. o Approximately 145 acres of the core (SW quadrant) are scheduled for treatment (via burning) in 2023. An additional 160 acres (NE quadrant) will likely be roller chopped, contingent upon need and adequate budgets. • Each management zone surrounds a roughly 1,000 acre, permanently open core area and ranges in size from roughly 2,500 to over 2,900 acres. The management zones are assigned a 12 year harvest interval (each zone is completely harvested over a period of 12 years). During the harvest interval, whenever possible, all stands within each zone will be harvested and seeded or planted exclusively to jack pine (though seeding is preferred). From the time of harvest until the point when the jack pine regeneration is approximately 10 feet in height, stand characteristics will meet the criteria for Brush Prairie Barrens. Typically, suitable Brush Prairie habitat will exist for 10 to 15 years after harvest. The habitat created during this 10 to 15 year window will serve as temporary or “surrogate barrens”. Combined with the permanently open core, when fully established, between 3,500 to nearly 4,000 acres of prime barrens habitat will exist within this special management area. • Develop a timetable for the systematic harvest and regeneration of timber within each designated management zone. When fully regulated, jack pine stands will be managed on roughly a 48 year rotation (as stated above, it will take about 12 years to manage each zone). • Designate approximately 200 contiguous acres within each zone as Kirtland’s Warbler Habitat Areas (KWHA). Reforest these areas to jack pine at densities that are conducive to creating suitable Kirtland’s Warbler habitat. Currently, suitable habitat contains at least 1,200 stems per acre, combined with 1 to 5 unforested openings per acre. Openings should total approximately 25% of the stand and be evenly distributed. o The first confirmed nesting and successful fledging of Kirtland’s Warblers in Bayfield County occurred in the BBMA in 2016. All five nestlings successfully fledged. Birds were also observed and banded in 2017, however, no documented nesting activities occurred. In 2018, a pair successfully nested, with five nestlings fledged (one of the pair was banded from the 2016 nesting period). In 2019, one previously banded male was observed, but no females were located. Numerous birds were heard and/or observed in 2020, 2021, and 2022, but breeding was not confirmed, though a nest was discovered in 2022 (but believed to have failed). Monitoring will continue in 2024 as resources allow, as per the DNR. • Some aspen, red pine and scrub oak will also exist within the BBMA, but the goal will be to regenerate jack pine whenever possible. o On some occasions, jack pine seeding may fail or produce below expectations. This could be a result of numerous factors, some of which include poor germination rates, over-browsing by white-tail deer, insect or disease outbreaks, natural disturbance events or something similar. Failed seeded sites may need to be planted. Red pine 59 may be preferred if heavy levels of browse are still anticipated (jack pine seedlings are a preferred browse source, more so than red pine). If red pine is planted, the plantations will still be managed on the same rotation already planned for each zone (though thinnings may occur, as routine, until rotation). • Development of the BBMA will take some time, as the Department is still managing the results of previous management (with a diversity of species and age classes). However, the core area is on target to be fully established by at least 2035 (and probably much sooner). Once all stands are addressed and ready for management, the Department will begin the harvest of Zone 1, thus marking the beginning of the floating barrens. • In the meantime, the Department will continue to monitor the effectiveness of the plan. As with any plan, amendments, alterations or modifications are expected. The Department will also continue to work with the DNR regarding the technical aspects of barrens development and maintenance. • Zone 4 contains a significant amount of red pine plantations, more than any other zone within the barrens. Once the formal barrens management process begins and zones are managed as scheduled, stands in zone 4 will be regenerated from around 2071 through 2082. To achieve that goal, most of the red pine stands in zone 4 will need to be converted to jack pine by the end of 2035. Doing so would give them enough time to reach maturity by the time management begins in zone 4. • The Department is currently working with the DNR, NRRI and the USFS regarding a wildlife monitoring project in the BBMA. o In 2021 and 2022, numerous sharp-tailed grouse were captured and fitted with GPS and/or other monitoring devices. The sharp-tailed grouse monitoring project (physical capture and banding) was paused in 2023, but will continue in 2024. o Also in 2021, a breeding bird survey was completed within the BBMA. NRRI summarized and reported on the findings in 2022. Additional monitoring efforts, primarily with the use of Automated Recording Units (ARUs) will be established during subsequent years, as determined by the Department, in collaboration with NRRI and the DNR, as budgets allow. See the Wildlife Section for more information on the barrens wildlife monitoring projects. Creating habitat corridors (as per the DNR Northwest Sands Habitat Corridor Plan), or stepping stones, from one suitable barrens habitat to the next, is viewed as an important part of the overall goal of providing optimal habitat for barrens dependent wildlife species. Spacing each barrens habitat area about 3 miles apart has been identified as the preferred distance (refer to the NW Sands Habitat Corridor Plan more for information on the stepping stone concept). Since late 2019, the Department has been collaborating with the DNR regarding the location and potential development of a secondary barrens area on county forest land. In 2020, a suitable area was located on the county forest. As per the Barrens Management Plan, the Department is in the process of establishing the BLBMA and is located about 3 miles north of the Barnes Barrens, just south of Highway 2, in the Town of Hughes. The secondary barrens management area would encompass about 4,000 acres total, with roughly 1,300 acres as a “core” and the remainder as floating/surrogate barrens. The layout would be very similar to the Barnes Barrens in scope, but at a much smaller scale. Stands located within the 2,500 to 3,000 acre “floating” area would be managed about the same as previously prescribed, but with a goal of providing more structured or systematic connection to the open core. The roughly 1,300 60 acre core would be managed to maintain an open, grassy landscape, similar to the core of the BBMA. Once established, prescribed fire would be used to maintain as much of the area as possible. The targeted core area (roughly 1,300 acres) was initially comprised of about 46% upland forest types and 54% lowland. Of the lowland areas, most are already composed of lowland grasses and/or shrubs/alder or contain unproductive (from a timber management perspective) stands of timber. While most of the upland acres contain merchantable, though relatively poor quality, timber (some of which is currently part of an active timber sale). Also, a small portion of the upland acres are already maintained as open (via wildlife openings). Management (via a timber sale) within the core area started in 2020, continued in 2021 through 2023, and will remain a priority over the next few years. All forested stands located within the core area of the BLBMA will be converted to more open, grassy habitats. Portions of the managed areas that were completed in 2020 or 2021 were treated with herbicide, roller chopped and/or burned in 2021, 2022 and 2023 to begin development of the barrens habitat. The lowland areas would also be managed, but since most areas are currently in some form of “open” condition, additional inputs are expected to be less significant. It is estimated that about 40% to 45% of the area currently located within the core (essentially those that are classified as productive upland forest) will be converted to an open, grassy habitat. As stated above, the stands located within the “floating” area would essentially be managed as previously prescribed. Timber sale design and timing of harvest may be modified to ensure and maintain connectivity to the permanent core. However, unlike the jack pine emphasis within the BBMA, the reforestation of stands within the BLBMA will be varied, with a focus on natural regeneration and/or the perpetuation of current timber types. • In 2024, the Department will continue to prioritize the development of the BLBMA, as per the Barrens Management Plan. This will be achieved through a combination of timber sales and other treatments, where necessary, required to establish and maintain the core area, as described above. o A combination of prescribed burning, herbicide and mechanical site preparation will be used to establish and/or maintain barrens habitat within the BLBMA. o Prescribed Burning: o BLBMA: approximately 593 acres. o BBMA: approximately 192 acres in the NW quadrant and 195 acres in the SE quadrant of the core. The DNR will take the lead on all prescribed burn projects, if conditions are favorable. o Herbicide: 0 acres. There are no scheduled treatments in 2023. Sites that were treated previously are now scheduled to be burned. Herbicide use is considered a one-time treatment to facilitate the development of the desired habitat. Future maintenance will be performed via prescribed fire and/or mechanical site prep. o Mechanical Site Prep: o BLBMA: approximately 114 acres of roller chopping. o BBMA: approximately 100 acres of roller chopping. 61 o In both areas, the mechanical treatments will be accomplished with the newly acquired county roller chopper. The unit will pulled by either county or DNR equipment, likely a dozer. o The county will also explore developing a lease agreement for the roller chopper so that it can be shared with other government agencies, performing similar barrens maintenance activities, on public land (e.g. USFS and DNR). o Access Roads: the Department will continue to utilize a combination of grant funds, as well as internal and DNR labor to develop access roads around the perimeter of the BLBMA. The amount completed will depending on available funds and internal resources. o Vegetation Surveys: continue working with a local botanist to complete baseline vegetation inventories in the BBMA. This includes herbaceous surveys in the core area, as well as the floating portions around the core. One goal of surveys in the floating, more intensively managed areas surrounding the core, is to better quantify the potential impacts of herbicide use on the development of temporary barrens habitat. Primarily with regards to the influence chemical might have on the herbaceous layer. With the caveat that the floating portions are only expected to provide temporary barrens habitat that will complement the core over the short term (until the timber begins to mature and shade out the understory). But with a goal of providing the highest quality habitat possible (and feasible), which includes the presence of specific indicator species that are important for supporting a variety of wildlife species. This will also involve collaborating with the DNR. o A similar vegetation survey will be conducted in the BLBMA once the initial development phase has been completed. A survey will be one important component that will be used to track habitat development over time. • A sign plan will be developed and implemented in 2024. This will include a large property sign located along Highway 2 for the BLBMA and likely Halfway Rd for the BBMA. Smaller informational kiosks and other related signs will also be installed at both barrens management areas. The Department with partner with the DNR, USFS and similar agencies or institutions on sign development and design. Small parking areas will also be considered. All of this will occur as time and budgets allow. WILDLIFE PROJECTS A number of wildlife projects will again be undertaken in 2024. The majority of wildlife habitat improvement work conducted on county forest land will be accomplished utilizing funding from Wisconsin DNR grant programs, specifically, the County Conservation Aids and Nickel-an-Acre programs. The Nickel-an-Acre program reflects a change from the previous Dime-an-Acre funding. As indicated in the name, the program funding was cut in half starting in 2010 and will continue to be funded at a nickel an acre into the foreseeable future. The County Conservation Aid grant requires a 50% county match on eligible projects. 62 The Conservation Aids project for 2024 have yet to be determined. Traditionally, approximately $3,993 has been available for eligible projects. Additional monies may also be available, as determined by the total amount of unallocated funds. If additional funds are available, the Department may apply for more assistance. The Nickel-an-Acre grant totals roughly $8,500. In addition to the annual allotment, Bayfield County is required to spend accumulated wildlife grant dollars. In 2024, the Department will continue to work with the DNR to identify suitable wildlife projects to spend down accumulated funds, if applicable. This grant has been used to fund a variety of County Forest wildlife projects in the past. Potential projects for 2024 could include, but are not limited to: • Site prep for and seeding of jack pine in the BBMA. • Continue the development of the BLBMA (supplemental barrens sites i.e. stepping stones). • Mechanical and/or chemical treatments for wildlife opening maintenance (currently roughly 100 acres combined per year). Accomplished by the DNR. • Wildlife habitat development/improvement throughout the forest. • Mechanical site prep for natural white birch, red oak or northern hardwood regeneration. • Prescribed burning of wildlife openings and oak regeneration areas. • Fish habitat projects. • Habitat projects on old homesteads. • Breeding bird surveys within other areas of the forest. • In the BBMA, continue to assist the DNR with the Connecticut Warbler surveys and potential habitat development projects. • Summary of breeding bird survey data, including the fine-tuning the application and/or program utilizing said data (see Shiny App reference above), while also exploring other ways to utilize or expand upon existing data. • Land acquisition. • Trail development and renovation (primarily for hunting access). • Trail mowing and/or game opening maintenance. • Equipment purchase (where the equipment would have a specific benefit wildlife habitat). • Invasive species control and eradication. • Deer exclosures for red oak regeneration (fencing). • Seedling protection (bud capping, spraying, etc.). • Barrens Wildlife Monitoring: the Department is currently collaborating with the DNR, USFS and the Natural Resources Research Institute (NRRI – University of Minnesota- Duluth) on a wildlife monitoring project within the BBMA. Currently, the project is comprised of two distinct phases: 1) the banding and monitoring of sharp-tailed grouse within barrens habitats; and 2) the development and maintenance of a breeding bird survey. The goal of the project is to better understand wildlife use patterns of, and movements within (and between), barren landscapes, as well as the importance of habitat corridors (or stepping stones). Results of a monitoring project would be used to help develop new and/or fine-tune existing forest management strategies and objectives within the barrens. o Sharp-tailed grouse monitoring started in 2021, was paused in 2023, but will resume again in 2024. 63 o A breeding bird survey of the BBMA was completed by NRRI in 2021. A summary of the survey and plans for future work will be provided in 2022. Additional work may be planned in 2024. ▪ As part of the project development, NRRI will also provide recommendations and cost estimates associated with maintaining a monitoring project over the long-term. A long-term monitoring project is preferred. ▪ Automated Recording Units (ARUs) will also be deployed in the BBMA and BLBMA to assist in detection. These units were also used in 2023 to start collecting information on the presence of various bird species within the barrens management areas. • Continue working with wildlife experts to fine tune the call lists to increase the accuracy of detections. Also consider other uses of rapidly improving ARU technology, which may include additional bird and/or bat related surveys throughout the county forest. ▪ Re-visit previous breeding bird surveys and the predictive model developed by NRRI (created using an R Shiny App). o The Department has also deployed numerous game cameras (currently 12) at known sharp-tailed grouse lek sites (currently 3 different sites), as well as other areas of interest, with the goal of better understanding use patterns. These cameras will be monitored again throughout 2024. o The Department has also made a series of habitat improvements within the BBMA and BLBMA, including lek mowing and roller chopping. These activities will continue in 2024, as time and budgets allow. o The Department will also continue to explore additional funding opportunities to assist in the development of habitat within the BBMA and BLBMA. o Other surveys. Mammals and insects. Consider establishing a process for collecting baseline data on mammals, insects and other species within both barrens management areas. • Wisconsin Habitat Partnership Grants: Over the past few years, the Department has applied for and has been awarded numerous Wisconsin Habitat Partnership grants (funds provided from the Federal Wildlife Restoration Program – Pittman Robertson Act) for continued work in the BBMA. As similar grants are announced, the Department will continue to apply for funding assistance to help accomplish barrens habitat development and maintenance goals. o In late 2020, additional Pittman Robertson (PR) funds were used to roller chop shrubs and other woody vegetation within the core area of the BBMA to facilitate the development of improved wildlife habitat. o Also in late 2020/early 2021, similar PR funds were used to roller chop existing advanced woody vegetation located within the newly established BLBMA, to help facilitate the establishment of barrens habitat. ▪ Similar wildlife projects may be developed in 2024 if additional funding sources become available. o Applications for grants or similar funding sources will be treated on a case by case basis and presented to the Committee for pre-approval. • Turkey Stamp Grants: Similar to PR funding, the Department has also secured grants from the DNR Wild Turkey Stamp Fund. In 2021 and 2022, grants were secured to establish barrens habitat within the BLBMA. Similar projects may be developed in 2024. 64 • American Forests Grant: In 2022, a sizeable grant from American Forests was secured to assist with a variety of reforestation projects within the barrens. Eligible activities include: site preparation, seeding, planting, stand improvements, seedling protection and regen monitoring. Many of these projects will occur throughout 2023 and 2024. • Bat Habitat Conservation Plan (Bat HCP). Not really a wildlife project per se, but in early 2024 the Department will have entered into an agreement with the DNR to address bat habitat concerns. As part of the agreement, under the oversight of the DNR, landowners would be responsible for complying with the terms of the Lake State Bat HCP and incidental take permit, as it pertains to forest management and recreational activities, under the authority of the Endangered Species Act of 1973. The agreement also requires a certain level of annual reporting, with regards to timber harvests and road/trail construction and/or maintenance activities. As such, annual compliance reporting to the DNR will be a requirement starting in early 2025, for activities that occurred in 2024. Developing a system that tracks reportable activities will be a goal in 2024. This will impact both the Forest Management and Recreation programs. Beaver management is also a common activity on portions of the county forest, especially in areas that have traditionally harbored healthy populations of beaver. Aerial imagery and drones are commonly used, along with field observations, to categorize the level of current damage to the forest (created by the expansion of existing or the creation of new beaver ponds), as well as future risk assessments. Issues associated with beaver activity have increased significantly over the past few years. Beaver activity generally becomes a problem when existing road and/or recreational trail infrastructures (i.e. bridges, crossings, etc) are threatened or compromised. Through an existing agreement with APHIS, many problem areas have been addressed over the past few years. It is anticipated that more problem areas will be discovered and addressed in 2024 as well. Monitoring know problem areas will become more of a routine workload in the future, especially as beaver populations grow and the cost of addressing damage associated with beaver induced flooding continues to increase. Any of the above listed projects, or those of a similar nature, could be implemented in 2024, generally as conditions and funding allow. Connecticut Warbler Info Barrens provide habitat for a variety of wildlife species. While Sharp-tailed grouse and Kirtland’s warbler are two of the more well-known species that require barrens habitat throughout various stages of their life cycles, Connecticut warbler has also started to attract attention. During the most recent statewide breeding bird survey in Wisconsin (Breeding Bird Atlas), Connecticut warbler emerged as one of the biggest species in decline. While the species has been slowly declining over the last half century, the rate of drop over the past decade has been particularly alarming. Northwest Wisconsin, specifically the area in and around the BBMA, is the last known location where the species is known to breed in the state. Connecticut warblers generally require access to jack pine or black spruce forests throughout the nesting season. The bird targets 20 to 40’ tall stands, with variable stocking density, a relatively open mid-canopy layer and dense ground layer, featuring berries, grasses and/or moss. 65 The Department has already been in collaboration with the DNR investigating existing stands on the Bayfield County Forest that may provide suitable habitat. A breeding bird survey in 2021, commissioned by the Department, revealed at least two signing males (though nesting was not confirmed). The DNR conducted a more thorough breeding bird survey in 2022, targeting stands that have been selected as potential suitable habitat. This survey yielded a similar result. In 2022, the Department collaborated with the DNR to locate existing mature jack pine stands on the county forest that could provide suitable future nesting habitat. Two stands were located, but both contained a fairly well-developed understory, primarily consisting of hazel. In fall 2022, the DNR commissioned a timber stand improvement (TSI) contract to cut the understory brush on 28 acres of one stand. This stand will continue to be monitored (primarily by the DNR) to determine success. If successful, the remaining stand roughly 47 acres) may be treated in a similar way in 2024. Both stands are located within the BBMA. The Department may also consider installing ARUs in the treated stand as a another way to survey for the presence of the Connecticut warbler. The Department will continue to collaborate with the DNR regarding modifications to future management that may positively impact habitat for the Connecticut warbler and/or minimize habitat loss. Modifications to traditional management of red pine plantations will also be considered, if doing so will increase the potential of providing surrogate habitat, as younger jack pine stands continue to mature. The Department will also continue to manage stands located within the BBMA as outlined in the Barrens Management Plan. The management of the two mature jack pine stands described above is being temporarily delayed to accommodate the habitat needs of the warbler and allow more time for monitoring. Further modifications to the plan may be necessary, depending on a stands response to treatment, response to unforeseen circumstances (i.e. insect and/or disease outbreaks), results of data analysis, or the development of better direction, and will be addressed on a case by case basis. ACCESS MANAGEMENT Previously, much of the field work/priorities had centered around the placement of road and trail markers, minor repairs of existing roads and trails, evaluation of and potential changes to current use designations, and the installation or removal of restrictive features (i.e. berms, gates, etc.) to manage motorized access. But, in general, work associated with access management has taken a lower priority when compared to other tasks assigned to the forestry staff. A re-inventory/monitoring process began in 2022, but was limited in 2023, primarily due to a lack of available resources (time). The goal is to monitor and assess the condition of all roads as frequently as feasible, preferably every 2-3 years. This may be realized by establishing a monitoring program that addresses one-third to one-half of the total inventoried miles per year. A primary goal for 2024 will be to re-establish the inventory and monitoring activities for the access management program. Much of the workload associated with access management is currently assigned to the recreation specialist position. This approach will be re-evaluated in 2024. As part of the reassessment, the Department will monitor existing road and trail infrastructure to determine future use status or need. All new roads created as part of a timber sale will also need to be reviewed to determine the future use status. Motorized and non-motorized uses are consistently increasing. The Department will 66 continue to address recreational needs and requests on a case by case basis. Repair and maintenance of the infrastructure will occur on an as needed basis, as funding allows. Road building projects may also be developed, especially on those that receive high levels of use, are located in more sensitive areas in need of minor attention, and/or provide access into current or future timber sales and have the potential to increase future stumpage prices. Road projects can be performed by Department staff, DNR staff or general contractors. Some potential road projects in 2024 include: • The construction of a primary service road within the Bass Lake Barrens Management Area. Funding was received for this project which was completed in 2023. Monitoring and maintenance will be an ongoing activity, starting in 2024. • Compile and prioritize a list of known road issues that will need repair work. Pursue as time and funding allow. • Re-routes or new construction projects are often elevated in priority depending on need and the presence (or lack thereof) of other existing access routes. o A temporary re-route of FR 447, in the Town of Clover, was completed in 2022 as part of a timber sale contract. One goal will be to work with the Forest Service to convert this road from temporary to permanent. If approved, the road would be used as a snowmobile and ATV trail (potentially) and provide a much needed reconnection to rec trails in that area (Wally Polk). o A re-route off the end of Almstead Road is also being considered. The initial connection to county infrastructure (a few hundred yards), is located on private land. Construction of a re-route in 2024 is a potential, pending an agreement can be reached with the landowner and total cost of the work. ▪ This, plus the re-route of FR 447 have effectively temporarily closed the Wally Polk ATV/snowmobile trail and restricted access into a significant block of the county forest. ▪ Work with the DNR to determine if the existing snowmobile trail connecting to Flag Road can be used as an ATV trail. • If the temporary re-route of FR447 becomes permanent and ATV’s are authorized on DNR land, reconnection of the Wally Polk would be complete (even if the re-route off Almstead fails to materialize). • Work on lake access projects, including Carroll Lake, Richardson Lake, Pine Lake and Bismarck Lake. Many of have been completed and will require regular monitoring and maintenance (Perch Lake and Bismarck Lake). While others are still in the development stages (Carroll Lake and Richardson Lake). Projects will likely include new road construction and improvements to existing infrastructure and will be addressed as time and budgets allow. The Department will continue to maintain roughly 45 miles of Primary Forest roads, for which we receive DOT County Forest Road Aids (currently $351/mile, though typically pro-rated based on total requests throughout the county forest program). The Department will also continue to identify, plan and/or develop additional forest roads and trails, as the need arises, for later entry into the County Forest Road program. Some potential primary road projects in 2024 include: • Continue re-grading and brushing Flag Road. A significant portion was completed in 2022 and 2023 with the assistance of the Highway Department. 67 • South Fuel Break Road re-route, repair and gravel. • Webster to Moore connector repair and gravel. The Department also maintains an abundance of private temporary access permits. These permits authorize a landowner the right of ingress and egress to privately owned land, through the county forest. Permits are temporary, generally good for a period of ten years, and must be renewed upon expiration (or sale of the property). If approved, the permitted landowner must maintain the approved access road as outlined in the agreement. Every year, the Department approves anywhere between 6 to 10 temporary access permits. Permitted access roads are generally monitored periodically, primarily for compliance with the access permit. Another primary goal heading into 2024 will be to continue the development of a more effective plan for monitoring the extensive road and trail infrastructure. More specifically: • Create and test methods to efficiently collect and compile information on new and existing roads and trails throughout the forest (using tablets and/or data recorders). • Re-inventory and analyze all existing road closing devices/structures e.g. gates, berms, natural barriers, etc. Establish a regular monitoring and repair process for road closures. Also establish a process to re-evaluate road closure priorities, including the type of device needed to effectively accomplish objectives. o This may involve the use of internal resources, as well as DNR labor and/or contractors. • Rebuild and/or finetune the existing access management database to better facilitate data collection, analysis and reporting. • Use current aerial imagery to find potential new road construction across the entire forest. Prioritize field examination (ground truthing) and collection of data on all new roads and incorporate into the access management database. • Develop a realistic and achievable long-term access management monitoring program. Currently, there is a total of roughly 1,400 miles of inventoried roads and trails on the forest. This number increases slightly virtually every year (created as part of the timber management process). o Revisit, inspect and collect updated information on roughly 450 to 700 miles, with the goal of completing re-inventory every 2 to 3 years. Adjustments to the goal may be necessary to balance available resources with the workload. BAYFIELD COUNTY FOREST COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN The Bayfield County Forest Comprehensive Land Use Plan (Plan) was revised and approved in 2021. The new Plan is valid from 2021 through 2035. The Plan is intended to be dynamic and will be reviewed periodically. Potential updates to the Plan will be presented to the Committee and will required approval from the County Board prior to adoption. RECREATION (on County Forest Lands) The Department will continue to work with the County Tourism Department and interested user groups regarding recreational activities occurring on the county forest. The demand for recreational use on county forest land has steadily increased over the past decade, a trend that is expected to 68 continue into the foreseeable future. Over the past few years, the Forestry and Parks Committee has approved numerous re-routes of snowmobile and ATV trails, the construction of new, and re-routes of existing, mountain bike, hiking and cross country ski trail networks, numerous improvements to existing hiking, mountain bike and cross country ski trails and an expansion of the shooting range off North Boundary Road to include a trap component. Requests to host events on trails located within the forest continues to increase as well. Some of the more notable events that utilize portions of trails located on the forest include: the American Birkebeiner Cross Country Ski Race, the Chequamegon Fat Tire Mountain Bike Race, the Cable Area Off-Road Classic Mountain Bike Race and the Northern Pines Sled Dog Race. Over the past few years, the Department (Committee) approves an average of approximately twenty (20) organized events per year that utilize trails located on the county forest. The Department also maintains land or recreational use agreements or leases with a variety of organizations, some of which include: the American Birkebeiner Ski Foundation, CAMBA, North Country Trail Association, North End Ski Club, Ashwabay Outdoor Education Foundation, National Fish Hatchery, Town of Barnes, ABC Sportsmen’s Club and more. In general, the use agreements highlight specific areas or trails within the forest and outline management or use requirements expected from each organization. Use requests are treated on a case by case basis and require approval from the Committee. Requests for new or improvements to existing motorized and non-motorized trail systems are expected to continue in 2024 and beyond. Requests for additional trails will be treated on a case by case basis, as per Chapter 700 (Access Management) of the Plan. Trail counters have been installed in a variety of settings to determine actual use of certain trails and/or areas. Data received from these counters will provide the county with valuable information needed to determine future direction. Additional counters have been purchased and will continue to be installed throughout the forest to monitor usage in 2024, which will include installations on non- motorized, as well as motorized trails. • A goal for 2024 is to develop and implement a process to more effectively analyze and report trail use information. Also to consider other locations where trail use information (trail counters) would be valuable. Consider the installation of additional trail counters as time as budgets allow. Throughout any given year, the Department will explore additional opportunities to enhance and improve the recreational use of the forest. Existing networks are routinely analyzed and areas are explored for new or improved recreational potential. Some planned and/or potential projects for 2024 include: 1. Management Plans for all Trails, Areas, and/or Recreational Properties. Recreation related activities, and associated workloads, have increased significantly on the county forest over the past decade. Improvements to trails (i.e. Lost Creek Falls), the acquisition of properties with an emphasis on developing recreational opportunities (i.e. Siskiwit Falls and Fire Hill) 69 and the management of motorized trail programs (i.e. state funded snowmobile and ATV trails) have resulted in a massive increase in Department resources dedicated to recreation. In addition to the relationships the county maintains with the various external entities that manage designated trails on the forest, the Department has developed and enhanced the amount of internal resources dedicated to recreation. a. In 2024, as time and resources allow, the Department will begin the process of developing dedicated management plans for each recreational trail, area and/or property that the Department is responsible for (including those located on county owned, non-county forest lands). This would include existing trails like Lost Creek Falls and Jerry Jolly/Pike’s Creek; opportunity areas like the Glacial Kettles, and non-county forest properties like Siskiwit Falls and Fire Hill. It would also include existing parks and campgrounds like Big Rock, Twin Bear and Delta Lake, as well as day use areas like Atkins Lake. The management plans created for each area/facility will also include a routine maintenance and replacement schedule. b. In addition to existing recreational trails and properties, the plan would include an analysis and recommendations for potential new developments. 2. Lost Creek Falls Trail. a. A concrete vault toilet was installed in the Lost Creek Falls parking area in 2022. The installation work was completed by the Highway Department. Routine maintenance of the privy will be a regular workload. b. The Department collaborated with the Town of Bell on the development of an overflow parking area on/off Trail Drive. The Highway Department also assisted with this project. The Department will continue working with the Town of Bell regarding routine maintenance of the property. c. Over the past few years, this trail has received significant upgrades by the Department. Since the upgrades, use of the trail has increased substantially. Counters installed on the trail before and after the upgrades have verified the increase in use: from an average of about 2 users per day (before upgrades), to an average of around 20 users per day (after upgrades), with a peak use of over 80 users per day (around 4th of July weekend). Averaging about 15,000 uses annually. Due to the consistent use, additional minor repair work will likely be required to maintain the trail and/or infrastructure. d. Improvements to existing signs and kiosk material will occur in 2024. e. Minor repairs and upgrades of the trails are expected to occur throughout 2024, including an assessment of the existing tread and the potential for trail expansion. f. Continue working with BATS and various volunteers regarding inspections and minor maintenance of the trail and grounds. 3. Yurts. Continue routine maintenance of the three yurts on county forest land. During the summer of 2016, one yurt was constructed in the Cable area and one near Mt. Ashwabay (named Evergreen – it’s green in color). In late summer of 2018, a third yurt was constructed, a little north of the first one located near Mt. Ashwabay (named Terra Cotta – reddish clay in color). In addition to the routine maintenance of each structure, some of the more significant projects may include (all as time and budgets allow): a. Replace the indoor picnic tables at the Evergreen and Cable yurts (with a separate table and chairs, similar to what was placed in Terra Cotta). b. Assess the condition of the floors at all three locations. Re-paint if necessary. c. Assess the condition of the privys at all three locations. Re-paint or stain if necessary. 70 d. Assess the condition of the decks at both the Cable and Evergreen locations. Consider staining them if determined necessary. e. Consider improving the under deck seating area at the Terra Cotta location. f. Locate existing or create new trails at the Bayfield locations to provide additional designated hiking opportunities, and reduce the impact to groomed ski trail networks. g. Maintain the grounds immediately surrounding the Evergreen and Cable yurts to address encroaching vegetation. h. Clean-out the stove pipes at all locations and consider treatments to the exterior fabrics (washing the outside of the yurts). i. Update the maps at the trailheads/parking areas of each location. Update the information located within each yurt as well. j. Monitor for mice at all three yurts, particularly the Evergreen and Cable locations. Address as necessary. i. There has been an increase in mice related damage to the yurt fabric (both inside and out) over the past few years. Repairs and/or enhancements to the fabric may be required as a result. k. Explore the potential of drilling a well for manual hand pump. The depth to water table may make this cost prohibitive. l. Update the Airbnb listing and reservation process. m. Monitor reservations and adjust pricing accordingly (prices were increase in 2022 and may be reduced slightly if occupancy rates decline significantly). n. Repair the screens in all three yurts. o. A fourth yurt was approved for construction in 2023. However, the project was put on hold to better analyze need and long-term viability. Funding for a fourth yurt (or rustic camping structure) was not pursued in 2024. Opportunities for other rustic camping options will continue to be explored in 2024. If determined to be favorable, a fourth rustic camping structure will be pursued as part of the 2025 budget. 4. Jolly Trail. Continue to re-evaluate the Jolly trail network. As part of the process, determine existing uses and future direction. Also re-explore partnerships with the Ashwabay Outdoor Education Foundation (AOEF), as well as the Town of Bayfield, regarding future maintenance and/or grooming of the trails. Some upgrades to the parking area and portions of the trail were completed in 2018 and 2019. As part of the continued assessment, upgrades to other existing features, including the trail, kiosk and various signs may be required, as time and budgets allow. a. As stated above, a specific goal for 2024 will be the development of a management plan for the property. The plan would identify short and long term goals for the property, including timelines. b. Collaborate with AOEF regarding the potential to install a bridge on a portion of ski trail. This may also include developing an application for a trail aids grant. Pursue as time and budgets allow. c. Also continue to collaborate with AOEF, CAMBA, Bayfield Area Trails (BATS) and other similar interest groups regarding the development and/or maintenance of trails on county lands located within the Ashwabay block, including the Jolly Trails. Including the development of up to date maps, as well as the design and the installation of signs. 5. Recreational Use Agreements. Recreational Use Agreements are generally required for a third party to develop and/or maintain rec trails or areas on county owned lands. The Agreements are typically for a period of ten years and define the terms of each approved 71 recreational use. In 2024, a number of existing Recreational Use Agreements are expected to be addressed: a. Chequamegon Area Mountain Bike Association (CAMBA). b. American Birkebeiner Ski Foundation (ABSF). c. North End Ski Club. d. Wolfsong (dogsled). In addition to the existing Agreements that are set to expire (that need to be renewed), new recreational use requests are treated on a case by case basis. 6. Special Management Area (SMA) Management Plans. As per the Plan, one goal was to establish more detailed forest management plans located within the designated SMA’s for Recreation (currently, the Mt. Ashwabay block and low motorized Cable block). Each SMA management plan will provide more detail regarding known and anticipated future timber harvesting activities, as well as additional clarity on considerations to mitigate impacts to existing recreation within each block. Each SMA management plan will be created based on goals and direction established within the Plan, but will include additional layers of information and forecasting. a. Mt. Ashwabay SMA: work on the management plan for the Mt. Ashwabay SMA began in late 2021 and was completed in 2022. As part of the process, representatives of the Ashwabay Outdoor Education Foundation (AOEF), CAMBA and Bayfield Area Trails (BATS) Committee were involved in the process. Maintaining this plan and the various partnerships will continue throughout 2024. b. Cable SMA: work on the management plan for the Cable SMA is expected to begin in late winter/early spring 2024. ABSF, CAMBA and the North End Ski Club will all be part of the plan development. This plan will be very similar to the one created for the Ashwabay block and is expected to be completed by mid-2024. 7. New Recreational Opportunities. Explore the potential of creating new, or improvements to existing, multi-use, non-motorized trails at numerous locations including: the Glacial Kettles area, Spring Creek area, the Menard Road area and/or other locations throughout the Forest where the potential for increased public use exists. If a potential location is discovered, and is approved by the Forestry and Parks Committee to develop, there most likely would be a need to apply for funding. If so, applications to one or more grants may be submitted. Pursue as time and funding allows. 8. Continue to explore opportunities to improve public access to water features that exist on county forest lands. Over the past two years, the Department has been awarded County Conservation Aids to assist in the development of public access to lakes on the county forest. The general goal of these lake access improvement projects is to facilitate a more user friendly means of public access. The emphasis will be on foot access. Direct motorized access to the water is not being considered at this time (though improved access would make it easier to portage a canoe or other small water craft from the parking area to the lake). Depending on the project, additional funding sources will be pursued, as necessary. a. Perch Lake: a roughly 21 acres lake located in the Town of Bell. An existing access road was improved in 2020. A small parking area was also constructed. Signs and an informational kiosk were installed in 2022. The development of a short access trail (foot path) from the parking area to/along the lake, as well as the development of a small area to place a picnic table or bench, will be considered in 2024, as time and budgets allow. b. Carroll Lake: a roughly 14 acres lake located in the Town of Iron River. A minor 72 amount of new road construction, as well as a small parking area and foot path, would be required to provide better public access to this lake. A small timber sale was completed in 2023 to widen portions of the primary access road to better facilitate improvement work. Work on the Carroll Lake project will commence in 2024, as budgets allow. c. Richardson Lake: a roughly 24 acre lake in the Town of Hughes. The project would include the construction of an access road and small parking area. A defined carry in access route may also be constructed/signed. The project would include a small kiosk and informational signs. The project would also require a small timber sale to remove trees in the road corridor. The project is expected to start in 2024, pending completion of the initial timber sale. d. Pine Lake: a roughly 14 acre lake in the Town of Iron River. The project would include improvements to existing infrastructure include parking area and approach to the lake. A small kiosk and informational signs would also be included. The project is expected to start in 2024, as time and budgets allow. e. Bismarck Lake: a roughly 59 acre lake in the Town of Iron River. The project would primarily consist of new road construction and the development of a small parking area. All construction work is expected to be accomplished as part of an active timber sale. Once the sale is finished, some final prep work, as well as the addition of a kiosk and informational signs will occur. The timber sale was completed in 2022 and most of the primary access road was improved. Additional work to the road and the installation of an informational kiosk were completed in 2023. Routine monitoring and maintenance will be a regular workload starting in 2024. f. Jackman Lake: (day use park): i. Establish a new day use park on Jackman Lake (upgrades to the existing local use area). This area is located on county forest land. ii. A County Conservation Aids grant has been awarded that will offset nearly half of these anticipated costs. iii. Install dock adjacent to the beach area. iv. Re-grade day use area and add sand to the beach. v. Create a parking area adjacent to the beach and use large rocks to manage vehicle traffic in the park. vi. Arrange locating a porta-pottie onsite. vii. Finalize arrangements with the Town of Tripp for them to maintain the porta pottie and provide/maintain a garbage can on site. g. Other Lake Access Projects: there are numerous lakes on county forest lands where public access could be improved with minimal inputs from the Department. Or where road development could be incorporated into a timber sale, with minor improvements occurring in conjunction with harvest activities. Lakes such as Spring, Loon, Topside, Jones, Jesse and Island all have potential. Other lake access improvement projects will be considered in 2024 as time and budgets allow. 9. Explore the potential of improving or expanding the existing motorized trail networks on public and private lands (both state funded and non-funded). This may require collaborating with other public land managers i.e. USFS, DNR, etc., the Red Cliff Tribe, interested user groups and the general public. It may also require submitting applications to one or more grants, to assist in any requirements related to planning, development or construction. Pursue as time and funding allows. 73 10. Explore the potential of creating dispersed rustic camping sites on other portions of the county forest. Pursue as time and funding allows. 11. Develop and implement strategies for advertising and/or promoting recreation on the county forest. This may include collaborating with the Tourism Department, as well as other agencies or local businesses where tourism is a primary objective. Pursue as time and funding allows. 12. Create a recreational trail development and maintenance strategy, with an emphasis on identifying critical trail connections and areas for new construction or enhancement. The plan would/could include strategies for both motorized and non-motorized recreation, as well as the development of incentives or other appreciation type programs for private landowners when trails are located on private land. 13. Continue working with existing user groups on the management of approved trails located within (or otherwise connected to trails located on) the forest. This could include assistance, both financially and/or physically, associated with the construction, maintenance or development of new or existing trails and trail heads. Also includes consultation and collaboration regarding potential re-routes and/or other issues pertaining to the management of the trails. a. Maintain the CAMBA parking area off Whiting Road. i. A concrete vault toilet was installed at the CAMBA parking area off Whiting Road in 2022. The installation work was accomplished by the Highway Department. Routine maintenance of the privy will now be a regular workload. b. Strengthen relationships with all groups and organizations that have long term recreational use agreements with the Department. This may include, but is not limited to: establishing regular meetings with each club/group; attending/participating in club meetings and/or events; actively participating in approved events, including set up and clean up activities; and organizing joint trail inspection days. 14. Continue working with the ABC Sportsmen’s Club with regards to the newly revised shooting range lease. The Club operates and maintains a shooting range, on county forest land, off North Boundary Road in the Town of Bell. As part of the new lease agreement, the Club will be required to submit annual reports to the Department summarizing range use, soil testing and lead reclamation activities (if any). Also, in 2018, the Club may begin construction of a trap range, assuming all applicable permits have been acquired, located adjacent to the shooting range. a. Construction of the new trap area began in 2019. Work was hampered by COVID- 19. Completion of the trap expansion project is anticipated in 2024. 15. Update the GIS database to accurately reflect the location and relevant information regarding all currently approved motorized and non-motorized trails, trail heads, recreational structures, access routes and other similar features/uses on the forest. 16. Continue to pursue the development and installation of ownership signs/markers, interpretive signs/maps and/or informational kiosks along popular or well used trails or use areas. The goal of the signs would be to convey information regarding the county forest program, including timber management that did or will occur in the general proximity of the recreational trail or area. The signs would be fairly general in nature and intended to provide baseline information regarding forest management and the county forest program. Pursue as time and funding allows. a. Previously, the Department was collaborating with Northwest Regional Planning 74 Commission regarding the development of interpretive signing. Funds were allocated in 2020 and again in 2021-2023, but the project was temporarily halted due to COVID-19 and lack of available resources. i. In 2024, the Department will continue exploring the development of an interpretive sign program, with an emphasis within the SMA’s for Recreation, as well as other highly used rec trails/areas. A collaboration with NW Regional Planning, Landmark Conservancy, the DNR, USFS, Northland College, WCFA, or similar organizations may be considered. As will the development of signs internally. 17. Continue to fine tune the sap collecting opportunities on the county forest. As previously stated, over the past two seasons the Department has been establishing a permit system to allow for the collection of maple sap on select portions of the county forest. The areas being considered as suitable for sap collection were those that afforded relatively easy public access and were located in stands where log quality and development was a lower priority or concern. a. In addition to the development of a permit system for public use, the Department may also consider the potential of developing a similar opportunity on a commercial scale. This could be another vector to generate a new stream of revenue, but must align well with the overall goals and objectives for each stand. This will be pursued in 2024, as time and budgets allow. 18. Continue to explore the potential of other recreational opportunities on the county forest. Pursue as time and budgets allow. 19. U.S. National Grid Signs. Work with other departments and agencies regarding the installation of national grid signs, on a variety of different trails, that will improve response times in cases of emergency. Assess trails managed by the Department and install signs as time and budgets allow. 20. Continue to work with the North American Non-Lead Partnership to help to promote non- lead alternatives when recreating (hunting and fishing) on county forest lands. 21. Explore the potential of developing and maintaining designated winter rec trail networks, including hiking/snowshoeing, fat-tire biking, and cross-country skiing. Targeting existing road or trail networks that would require a minimal amount of construction, but also considering new development. This could include utilizing internal staff and/or resources, as well as partnering with interested local clubs or similar groups. 22. FCOR. The COR was approved in early 2023. As part of the FCOR, once carbon returns are realized, there will be a significant level of investment in the recreation program. This would include the development of a sizeable annual rec grant (potential $250,000/yr), as well as investments in internally managed facilities. As of late 2023, zero dollars have been received from the carbon program. And the forecast for 2024 is not promising. If a significant level of carbon returns do arrive in 2024, then the development and administration of the rec grant, as well as planning and administration of internally managed rec would be a substantial workload in 2024 and beyond. 23. New Recreation Position. A second Recreation Specialist position was approved in 2022. That position started in April 2022. However, one of the two rec positions was vacant starting December 2022. Re-filling that position will be delayed with the goal of determining future rec needs and priorities, especially when considering the potential future workload impacts associated with the FCOR. The carbon program has been slow to materialize and rec related priorities are still being assessed. Rec program assessment will continue throughout the first half of 2024, which will include collaborations with all major 75 rec partners and similar interested parties. The assessment will be used to determine future direction and level of staffing need. This could include filling the second Rec Specialist position, establishing a Rec Coordinator type position instead, or something altogether different, especially if some rec related workloads can be addressed with existing resources. If a second rec position is still determined to be a priority, the goal would be to fill that position by the middle of 2024. OTHER ACTIVITIES Insects and Disease: The DNR and Department are continuing to monitor the effects of forest insects and diseases, including, but not limited to: jack pine budworm, two-lined chestnut borer, emerald ash borer (confirmed in Bayfield County, though not currently located on the forest), Spongy moth (fna Gypsy moth), oak wilt (officially located on county forest land in 2018), annosum root rot (now called Heterobasidion root disease or HRD for short) and more. If sites containing a significant amount of insect infestation or disease are discovered, they will be monitored for damage and/or mortality. Depending on the level of damage, prompt management may be required. As new threats are encountered, the Department may need to alter management plans accordingly. Below are updates on a few of the more prominent and destructive insects and diseases: • Spongy Moth. Spongy moth numbers, and subsequent defoliation, were extremely high in 2023, primarily north of Highway 2 and especially in the Bayfield Peninsula. Red oak and aspen are their preferred primary food sources and are the most susceptible to potential mortality, especially the suppressed and over mature individuals (red oak being of most concern). As a result of the significant defoliation event, combined with prolonged drought conditions that persisted throughout most of the same area in 2023, some oak management was delayed in 2023. This included the temporary delay of a timber sale (primarily an oak thinning) in the Ashwabay SMA, as well as an oak thinning located in the Peninsula. In general, thinning activities, where a significant number of trees will be retained after management, or regeneration harvests, where the retained trees are a critical part of the regeneration process, are stressed immediately following any harvest activity. When combined with additional stresses associated with defoliation and/or drought, and especially if all occur within the same year, residual trees can become over stressed. Age and other inherent site conditions can add to the stress loads, which can leave trees more susceptible to other invading insects, like the two-lined chestnut borer. Attacks from burrowing insects like the chestnut borer can result in the rapid death of a tree, while significant outbreaks can impact entire stands. When entire stands are impacted, the result can be devastating and often lead to targeted salvage operations to harvest the dead trees. If defoliation and/or drought conditions continue in 2024, oak management in the areas impacted the most will likely be delayed for another year. It is anticipated that the two red oak thinnings that were already delayed, will be so again until 2025. If oak management is further reduced in specific units, the sustainable goal in all other units may also be 76 adjusted accordingly. In 2024, the Department will continue to work with the DNR regarding Spongy moth monitoring and management recommendations (if significant defoliation is predicted). • Oak Wilt Disease. In 2017/2018, oak wilt was confirmed outside of Seeley (in Sawyer County), near the Bayfield County line (less than 8 miles away from the county forest block in Cable). In 2018, it was confirmed within the Cable block of the county forest, as well as an isolation location in Drummond. Since then, a small number of new areas have been discovered virtually every year through 2023. Fortunately, these areas have been small and manageable with internal resources. Additional new oak wilt positive sites were confirmed on federal land in 2023, near Canthook Lake, in the Iron River/Delta area. This will influence timber sale operations within a 6 mile radius of the new findings. Prior to this finding, the only sales impacted by oak wilt were located in the Cable block. It is anticipated that oak wilt will continue to spread and will continue to have an increased impact on future timber management operations. From a management perspective, the presence of oak wilt will add new restrictions to some timber sales, primarily those with a significant component of red oak (or where red oak management is a primary objective) and located within a six mile radius of the last known infected tree. If oak is a significant component of the stand and the sale is located within six miles of a known infected tree, then the recommendation is no timber harvesting from around spring break-up through the middle of July. That is when the sap feeding beetle is most active (and a freshly cut stump or damaged branches on adjacent trees are sources for infection). Any cutting of trees during this time period can create a potential point of infection (unless the wound is immediately covered with some sort of dressing, which generally isn’t realistic). Additionally, since it can take multiple years for a timber sale to be completed, we will need to add qualifiers (restrictions) on all future timber sales (with similar oak components) in case oak wilt is discovered in the area after the contract is awarded. In 2024, the Department will continue collaboration with the DNR (especially the local Forest Health Specialist) with regards to the management of stands with oak wilt and the treatment of infected trees. The Department will also review and apply management recommendations listed within various publications, including the document “Oak Harvesting Guidelines to Reduce the Risk of Introduction and Spread of Oak Wilt” (produced by the DNR). Prevention of spread is the best way to manage oak wilt. Overland spread is primarily accomplished via a sap feeding beetle. It’s attracted to the fungal mats of an already diseased tree, picks up a few spores, and then flies around looking for other sources of food. Being a sap feeding beetle, any oak tree with a fresh wound is fair game. Once it finds a wound, it feeds on the sap, thus depositing the spore. Once the spore is in the tree, it 77 immediately goes to work on the vascular system. Essentially, the disease completely blocks the trees ability to move water and nutrients. Unable to move water or nutrients, in a matter of just a few short months, the tree is dead. Rapid browning of the leaves (and subsequent leave drop) are primary indicators of oak wilt. Oak wilt is also transferred underground via root grafting. Once an infected tree is discovered, the infected tree and surrounded oak become part of the treatment area. A formula is used to determine the radius of the treatment area (and includes the size of the tree, type of soils, and topography), but every oak tree in that radius is treated. A combination of cutting, girdling and herbicide are used to treat the infected area. Burying stumps and infected material and burning have also been used. After an oak wilt infected tree or pocket is located and confirmed, guidelines/protocols are adopted that help to determine how the trees/areas will/should be treated. Models or charts that estimate the number of trees located within potential root grafting distance of a known infection source are applied. Once the perimeter is established all oak trees within it are double (or single) girdled and herbicide is applied to kill the trees, generally starting at the outside (of the perimeter) and working toward the center. Once the trees are killed, the oak wilt infected tree(s) are treated. When all the trees are confirmed to be dead the uninfected trees may be harvested. The infected trees will be dealt with on a case by case basis. All oak wilt treatment areas will be tracked using GIS. The database will include, but not be limited to: discovery date, detection status, confirmation date, oak species, soil type, number of infected trees, treatment status, treatment date, disposal type, disposal date, and last follow-up. Potential oak wilt sites will be monitored on an annual basis, by Department and/or DNR staff, using a combination of visual inspections and drone flights. The Department will also continue to collaborate with the DNR to organize annual flights with DNR aircraft (generally in areas deemed to have a high probability of a new oak wilt Infestations). o It is anticipated that additional oak wilt infected trees will be discovered in 2024. Depending on the number of sites and total amount of trees that require treatment, it may be necessary to contract some or all of the work. If confirmed to be oak wilt, each location will be addressed on a case by case basis, as time and budgets allow. The Department will continue to work with the DNR on the best methods of treatment. • Emerald Ash Borer. In 2022, Emerald ash borer (EAB) was discovered in Bayfield County. It has also been confirmed in all counties surrounding Bayfield County. To date, EAB has not been discovered on the Bayfield County Forest. However, based on current locations, discovery on the forest is inevitable, if not already present. In general, ash contributes less than 0.5% of annual stumpage revenues and is present, as a dominant forest type, on less than 1.0% of the county forest. The large purple traps often seen along major roadways, intended to help monitor for and locate the presence of EAB, are no longer being placed or maintained by DATCP or APHIS. 78 Since the threat of EAB is looming, it may be feasible to purchase, place and monitor these traps at the Department level. From 2019-2023, roughly nine purple traps were installed annually by the Department at various locations on the county forest were ash is a significant component. All traps were negative for EAB. o Since EAB has been confirmed throughout the general area, the Department will no longer install the EAB traps. But will continue to monitor for the presence of EAB. If detected, the Department will work with the DNR to determine the next course of action. See the Swamp Hardwood section for additional information on EAB. Invasive Species: The Department routinely inspects roads and timber sales for the presence of invasive species. If located, a plan for treatment is developed. The presence of invasive species (both native and non- native) is still relatively rare on the forest, though observations and associated treatment efforts have steadily increased over the past decade. The Department typically treats a few small patches of land per year. The most common non-native invasive species treated on the county forest are buckthorn (in the forest) and spotted knapweed (on roads and trails). Black locust has been the most common native invasive to be treated on the forest, typically occurring in small isolated patches in the vicinity of old, abandoned homesteads. A one-acre patch of multiflora rose was found on the county forest in 2018. Since then, more patches have been found. To date, multiflora rose has now been found on about 20 acres of county forest land. Treatment of the infected acreage will occur in 2023 and continue in 2024, as time and budgets allow. Currently there are over 300 acres of known buckthorn infestations on the country forest. This number has more than tripled over the past few years (primarily from new detections). Infestations are generally small in size and widely scattered across the impacted area (i.e. not 300 acres of solid buckthorn!). All treatments will continue in 2024, as time and budgets allow. There is roughly 65 acres of known black locust infestations on the county forest. This number has also roughly tripled over the past few years. Similar to buckthorn, these infestations occur primarily in small patches and are widely scattered throughout the impacted area. Black locust treatments will continue in 2024, as time and budgets allow. In 2014, the Department received a Sustainable Forestry Grant for the treatment of spotted knapweed on 50 miles of forest roads in the Barnes Barrens Management Area. The project was completed in 2015, but served to kickstart a goal of significantly reducing the component of knapweed on county forest roads within the BBMA. However, spotted knapweed maintains a persistent and viable seedbed for around 7 years, meaning multiple successive treatments are required to reduce the population. Roughly the same 50+ miles of road were treated in 2016 through 2023. It is anticipated that 2024 79 will begin an alternate treatment schedule, where a lesser amount of road can be addressed on a more structured rotation. Thus reducing the number of miles needing treatment during any given year. However, an additional emphasis will be made on assessing the treatment needs of other internal secondary roads, to determine if similar knapweed treatments are needed. A similar amount of road will be treated again in 2024. The short-term goal is to use herbicide to manage and significantly reduce knapweed in the area (elimination is impossible and not a realistic goal) and, hopefully, prevent any further spread into the barrens. The long-term goal is to eventually reduce the need for herbicide use and spot treat problem areas as they arise. To date, the treatment has been a success, as knapweed has already been significantly reduced. In addition, the amount of chemical used to treat the same 50+ miles of road has significantly declined with each treatment. The project primarily targets existing roads that are the most heavily infested, but more access corridors may also require future treatment to limit/reduce the overall rate of spread. More assessments will be completed in 2024 to determine if and/or when additional treatments will be required to control the spread of knapweed in the Barrens. In summary, below is the expected invasive species workload in 2024: • Invasive Species Control Treatments: o Spotted Knapweed: approximately 40-50 miles. Primarily located within the barrens management areas. Most of the work will be accomplished via contract. o Buckthorn: approximately 300 acres. Multiple locations throughout the forest. Previously, most of this work has been accomplished internally. However, additional assistance from the DNR, Land Conservation and/or contracting a portion of the workload will also be considered, as time and budgets allow. o Black Locust: approximately 60 acres. Multiple locations throughout the forest. Similar to buckthorn, most of the work has been accomplished internally, but other options will be considered. o Multiflora Rose: approximately 20 acres. Multiple locations throughout the forest. Multi-flora rose infestations have also been primarily addressed internally. o Leafy Spurge: approximately 10 acres. A relative newcomer on the property. The Department is still in the process of determining the best approaches to managing this invasive species. It is anticipated that treatments will be addressed internally in 2024. o Honeysuckle: roughly 3 acres. • Invasive Species Monitoring and Mapping: o In late 2022, an initial invasive species inventory was completed, including mapping the extent of each infestation to better determine acreage. This baseline inventory will form the foundation of another priority heading into 2024: a more detailed invasive species management plan for the county forest. The breadth and intensity of known infestations will also help to better establish anticipated future workloads. Resources dedicated to invasive species control has steadily increased over the past decade. This trend is expected to continue. Summer interns or similar limited time employees may be considered to help establish the initial baseline, as time and budgets allow. Below are the number of known locations that will continue to be monitored in 2024: 80 ▪ Buckthorn: approximately 25 sites located throughout the forest. ▪ Spotted Knapweed: roughly 50 miles located within the barrens areas. Will include monitoring for new locations, as well as summarizing the effectiveness of previous treatments. If necessary, adjustments to the current management practices for knapweed will be considered ▪ Black Locust: approximately 12 sites. ▪ Wild Parsnip: approximately 15 sites. ▪ Honeysuckle: approximately 6 sites. ▪ Leafy Spurge: 2 sites. ▪ Multiflora Rose: at least 2 known locations. In the past, the treatment of invasive species has traditionally been performed by Department staff, usually involving chemicals. However, as the extent of known infestations increases and/or new areas are discovered, it may become necessary to incorporate the use of contractors, on a more routine and regular basis, in order to accomplish overall goals. Assistance from the DNR and/or other county Departments (e.g. Land Conservation) will be considered. Seeking alternative funding sources to assist in the treatment of invasive species will also be a priority in 2024. Generally speaking, all confirmed occurrences are managed on a case by case basis, as time and funding allows. Invasive Species (Biological Controls): In addition to the control of knapweed via chemical means, two types of biological control agents (insects) have been used on the forest. Cyphocleonus Achates is a root mining weevil and Larinus spp. are seedhead weevils, and within the last decade, both have been released, by the DNR, on the forest to assist with the control of spotted knapweed. The use of biological control methods was concentrated within the Barnes Barrens area. C. Achates were released in 2008 and 2012, while Larinus spp. were released in 2008, 2010 and 2012. Dispersal rates for each weevil are highly variable, but the Larinus spp. have been known to travel at distances up to seven miles away from the site of initial release, though the dispersal rates for C. Achates are thought to be significantly less. Biological control agents will not eliminate, nor significantly reduce the presence of spotted knapweed. However, a healthy resident population of insects has the potential ability to help maintain a modest balance and provide an opportunity for native plants to effectively compete. The DNR will continue to monitor for the presence of the insects, as well as their general effectiveness. The Department will also continue to work with the DNR on similar opportunities to incorporate alternate means of invasive species control on the forest, and will pursue as time and funding allow. Permits and Agreements: Every year, the Department reviews numerous requests to utilize portions of the Forest. Requests vary, but the most common include: providing access to private lands; providing access to land or trails for hosting organized recreational events; collecting balsam boughs; and collecting firewood. All requests are treated on a case by case basis and are typically addressed with a use permit. Table 6 summarizes the average number of permits and land use approvals issued by the Department over the past five years (2017-2023): 81 The total number of permits approved on the property has been relatively consistent over the past few years, with one exception: events have declined significantly since the onset of COVID-19. Most of the events that would have normally occurred in 2020 were cancelled and many were also cancelled in 2021. Most events were back on schedule in 2022 and 2023. In 2024, the requests for permits and events are expected to remain fairly constant and consistent (similar to the five year average). In 2018, the Department approved a request by the Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (Red Cliff) and Bayfield School District to tap trees on the forest for the collection of sap (eventual production of maple syrup and associated products). Red Cliff, in collaboration with the Bayfield School District, was awarded a USDA Farm to School grant for the production of maple syrup. The project involves student participation during every facet of the process (with the end product being used by the School). The site selected for taping contains relatively poor quality sugar maple (and red maple), with low sawlog potential. Since these trees are being managed primarily for fiber production, there is little to no concern with regards to impacts on quality. The original permitted use covered a period of two years (spring of 2019 and 2020). If requested by Red Cliff, an extension into 2024 could also be a potential. The Department is also in the process of exploring the potential of establishing a maple sugaring permit system, where low/poor quality hardwood stands could be tapped for maple syrup production. The Department has established a permit for the collection of sap and, over the past few years, has been testing the feasibility of developing a more robust tapping program. This type of use is not restricted as part of County Forest Law, nor is it restricted as part of the current Comprehensive Land Use Plan. • In 2024, the Department will continue to explore the potential and feasibility of developing a permit system for the collection of sap (for personal use, as well as commercial activities). • Additionally, many of the permit templates and processes are relatively old and/or outdated. Updating these documents and processes will be considered, as time allows. Land Transactions (Acquisition and Sale): The Department will continue efforts to acquire private properties on a willing seller, willing buyer basis, when advantageous to the long term goals of Bayfield County. A priority will be given to land located within the existing county forest blocking. For reference, Table 7 summarizes the total amount of acquisitions and subtractions from County Forest Law from 2011 through 2023: Table 6: Bayfield County Forest Summary of Issued Permits and Approvals (5 Year Average) Fire Balsam Christmas Disabled Wood Boughs Trees Hunting Number of Permits Issued 286 12 2 5 7 19 7 1 Cones Access Events Storage Permit Type Annual Average 82 Since 2011, a net total of nearly 9,070 acres has been added to the Bayfield County Forest. In 2022, Bayfield County completed the final sale of county forest lands to the Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (Red Cliff). The repatriation of county owned lands located within the reservation was identified as a priority in the MOU between Red Cliff and the County. Between 2017 and 2022, the county sold a total of 1,439.27 acres of county forest land to Red Cliff. See Table 7a below for a summary of each sale: All proceeds received from the sale of county forest parcels are to be re-invested in land that will be enrolled in County Forest Law and managed as part of the county forest. The primary goals of land acquisition are to further improve the efficiency of county forest management by consolidating (or blocking) lands within established county forest blocking and to provide additional public benefits through the purchase of forest land or special and/or unique areas. County forest blocking boundaries were traditionally arbitrarily placed, based primarily on the Table 7: County Forest Law (CFL) Entries and Withdrawals Year Entries1 Withdrawals2 Net Change 2011 0.00 0.23 -0.23 2012 0.00 0.00 0.00 2013 40.00 4.25 35.75 2014 40.00 0.00 40.00 2015 2,601.80 0.09 2,601.71 2016 0.00 3.36 -3.36 2017 200.00 90.20 109.80 2018 0.00 82.71 -82.71 2019 3,731.25 0.10 3,731.15 2020 30.00 222.78 -192.78 2021 0.00 362.57 -362.57 2022 320.00 706.49 -386.49 2023 3,579.64 0.00 3,579.64 Total 10,542.69 1,472.78 9,069.91 Average 810.98 113.29 697.69 1 Land added to the county forest, typically via purchase, donation, trade or tax delinquency. 2 Land removed from the county forest, typically via sale or trade. Table 7a: Summary of Land Sales to Red Cliff Year Acres Value 2017 80 $80,000.00 2018 80 $80,000.00 2020 222.78 $315,000.00 2021 350 $522,000.00 2022 706.49 $1,000,000.00 Total 1,439.27 $1,997,000.00 83 current location of county forest lands. If a parcel of interest (to purchase) or match property is located outside the current boundary, the blocking will be adjusted accordingly. Other requests to purchase county forest land will also be addressed on a case by case basis. As per County Forest Law, any sale of county forest land would ultimately need to be approved by the Forestry and Parks Committee, County Board and DNR. Some potential land transactions goals for 2024 include, but are not limited to: • ARPA Grant. In 2023, Bayfield County was awarded a $1.3 million ARPA grant from the State of Wisconsin. The grant is to be used on eligible land acquisition projects that contain high conservation values. In late 2023, the Department was in the process of completing the paperwork needed to seek reimbursement on the roughly $1.028 million Bark River acquisition. The remaining roughly $270,000 left in the ARPA grant must be fully encumbered by the end of CY 2024. o Bark River Acquisition Reimbursement: expected to be completed in Q1 2024. This includes the purchase price for the land, as well as the cost of the other requirements (appraisal and GAP title insurance coverage). The total reimbursement is expected to be roughly $1.033 million. o Remaining Grant Balance: identify another property of similar conservation value and complete the purchase by the end of CY 2024. This will also require an appraisal. It is anticipated that roughly $267,000 will be available from the remaining ARPA grant balance after reimbursement from the Bark River project. • In 2022 and 2023, a variety of grants were awarded to Bayfield County that were used to complete numerous land acquisition projects. As a result, a significant cash balance will remain for future land acquisition projects. This balance is expected to be over $1.4 million. In 2024, a primary goal will be to identify high priority parcels and establish a process for the development of future acquisition projects. Stewardship, WI Costal, NOAA, Community Forest and similar grant and/or other similar funding sources would be considered as part of any land acquisition project. Partnerships with TPL, Landmark Conservancy or other similar organizations will also be considered, where applicable. All projects would be pursued as time and funding allow and presented to the Forestry and Parks Committee for approval. • Landmark Conservancy. At the end of CY 2023, the Department was collaborating with Landmark Conservancy on two different land acquisition projects. Both projects have been identified as a high priority for Landmark, but, due to the terms of the targeted funding sources, would require a local unit of government for future land management responsibilities. Similar to the process involved with the more recent Siskiwit Falls, Fire Hill and Brownstone transactions. Landmark reached out to Bayfield County regarding interest. If full external funding is secured, the following properties would be conveyed to Bayfield County: o Iron River Watershed (Maki): roughly 860 acres located along the Iron River, north of Iron River, in the Town of Orienta. This property abuts DNR Fisheries land and would roughly double the amount of public land in the area. ▪ If ownership is conveyed to Bayfield County, this property would likely be enrolled in County Forest Law and managed as part of the Bayfield County Forest. However, because the area is currently located outside of the county 84 forest blocking boundaries, modifications to that boundary would be a requirement. This would involve an amendment to the Comp Plan and approval of the County Board. o Whittlesey Creek Headwaters (Jauquet): roughly 160 acres located at the headwaters of the North Fork of Whittlesey Creek in the Town of Barksdale. Due to the small size, isolated location and lack of county forest lands nearby, if this parcel is conveyed to Bayfield County, entry into CFL may not be pursued. However, that determination will be made if/when conveyance becomes a reality. If not entered into CFL, it would become a county owned property, with a standalone management plan, but still managed by the Department. • Pigeon Lake Field Station. Bayfield County remains interested in the historical federal field station/summer camp at Pigeon Lake, in the Town of Drummond. This roughly 90 acre property includes numerous outbuildings and associated infrastructure, contains nearly 2,500 feet of frontage on Pigeon Lake, has been idle for over a decade and is currently owned by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin (doing business as the University of Wisconsin-River Falls and the Board of Commissioners of Public Lands). Bayfield County intends to commission a site assessment/condition report and potential appraisal of the property to help determine value and future liability. Additionally, if determined to be a potential good fit for county ownership, a feasibility/future use study may also be commissioned. While the initial condition report will likely be the responsibility of this Department, future use potential would almost surely involve a variety of other county departments and external organizations. o In 2024, a modest budget has been approved for a site assessment/condition report and potential appraisal, which will likely be the responsibility of the Department. Ordinance Review Ordinances that pertain to the administration of the various county programs (forest, parks and recreation) will be reviewed in 2024, as time allows. Many ordinances have been in place for a decade or more and may require updating. In addition, new ordinances may be required to more effectively regulate the various programs. All suggested modifications to existing and/or proposals for new ordinances will first be presented to the Forestry and Parks Committee for review. Program Review Another priority for 2024 is a detailed review and analysis of all primary programs managed by the Department. This includes, but is not limited to: Forest Management; Forest Inventory; Carbon; Reforestation; Recreation (on county forest lands, including yurts, as well as non-county forest properties); State Fund Motorized Trails (snowmobile and ATV trail programs); Parks; and Campgrounds. The review will largely involve identifying the primary goals and workloads of each program, revisiting priorities, and recognizing the resources available to accomplish a diverse set of objectives. A general program review should be accomplished at least once every five years to ensure core objectives and missions are being met as efficiently and effectively as possible. Forestry and Parks Department Garage and Equipment Periodic and general maintenance will be required on the newly constructed Forestry and Parks Department garage (construction finished in the fall 2014), including minor work on the grounds 85 and landscaping. Solar panels were added to the south facing side of the building in 2018/2019 and will offset some of the electrical use. The Department maintains a sizeable fleet of vehicles, implements and equipment, including, but not limited to: 1. Nine (9) 4x4 pickup trucks: 8 gas powered and 1 dual (gas or CNG). 2. One (1) Electric 4x4 pickup truck (2023 Ford Lightening). 3. Seven (7) ATV’s. 4. One (1) UTV’s. 5. Six (6) snowmobiles. 6. One (1) bat wing field mower and one (1) trail mower. 7. One (1) 120 hp New Holland T5.120 DC Tractor, with end loader and pallet forks (new in 2023). 8. One (1) 2006 John Deere 450J bulldozer. 9. Three (3) light weight trailers. 10. One (1) covered trailer (new in 2022). 11. One (1) heavy equipment trailer (new in 2023). 12. Numerous site prep implements including a Brackee seeder, anchor chains, drawbars, back blades, discs and various plows. 13. One (1) roller chopper, for barrens maintenance (new in 2024). 14. Numerous power tools, saws and trimmers. The repair and maintenance on any of the above listed items could occur at any time during CY 2024. All repairs are treated on a case by case basis, as budgets allow. Major repairs (or replacements) may require funding that would exceeded budgeted amounts. If that occurs, additional requests for funding will be brought to the Committee and full Board. The Department also manages and maintains multiple sand and gravel pits located on county forest land (located in the Towns of Bayfield and Russell). These pits are primarily used by local municipalities, as well as the Red Cliff Tribe, for the maintenance of local infrastructure. In 2024, these pits will continue to be maintained on an as needed basis, to ensure compliance with state and local laws. Management of Other Bayfield County Owned Lands: Currently, Bayfield County owns approximately 1,000 acres of county tax title lands, not including lots and other small parcels, in addition to the above listed county forests lands. On occasion, the Department will assess these parcels for land and/or timber sales, monitor for potential trespass issues, negotiate road, utility and recreational easements or permits and explore for sand and gravel potential. As new parcels are acquired, typically through tax delinquency, the Department will commonly inspect for timber management potential and/or for potential retention and enrollment into county forest law. • In June 2018, severe storms caused significant damage to numerous sections of motorized recreational trails that are managed and maintained by the Department. All trails were repaired by the end of 2018. In addition to trail impacts, the County sustained significant 86 damage to the old Delta Landfill, with the Department assuming the responsibility of planning for and administering all repair work. o In 2019, FEMA approved a project and awarded funds to repair damages to the Delta Landfill. In 2019/2020, the Department collaborated with the Bayfield County Land Conservation Department and DATCP engineers to produce plans for repair. The estimated costs associated with the new preferred alternative are significantly higher than the original funding amount. As a result, the Department submitted a change of project scope request to incorporate the additional work and expenses that will be required to repair the landfill. ▪ The change of scope request, with additional funding, was approved in 2021. The repair work will be accomplished by the Highway Department, using repair plans developed by Land Conservation. Most of the repair work was completed by the Highway Department in 2022. Some minor repairs were completed in spring 2023. o The final close-out documents were submitted to FEMA in fall 2023. It is anticipated that the final review phase will occur in Q1 2024. Assuming no significant issues are found, reimbursement is expected by mid 2024. o Routine monitoring and repair will likely be a shared responsibility between the Forestry and Parks and Highway Departments. Good Neighbor Authority: The US Forest Service has been authorized to enter into cooperative agreements with states to carry out approved forest, rangeland and watershed restoration services, including timber sales, on federal land, as per the Good Neighbor Authority (GNA). Under a cooperative agreement between the US Forest Service and the DNR, the DNR may conduct forest management activities on federal lands. Further, the DNR may contract with a county for the purposes of conducting forest management activities on federal lands, as outlined under the GNA agreement. In 2015, the DNR and the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest (CNNF) signed a ten year GNA Agreement, which will be reviewed annually to update the scope of work, as well as to identify additional timber and restoration treatments. The partnership enables the CNNF to more fully implement their forest plan and increase the amount of timber offered for sale. Through the GNA, the DNR has a goal of assisting the CNNF in accomplishing additional timber sales that may not have been established otherwise. The DNR anticipates 15 to 20% of the timber sale work identified under the Agreement to be accomplished by interested counties. If interested, a county can decide their level of involvement, which could include the use of existing staff or hiring part time employees. Counties would be reimbursed for all expenses, including salary, fringe, supplies and service costs, and overhead. If interested, each county was required to adopt a resolution, which approved entering into an MOU with the DNR. As per the MOU, each county would be required to enter into a GNA program contract with the State, which describes the level of involvement and project budget (i.e. rates of reimbursement). In spring 2016, Bayfield County entered into a GNA MOU with the DNR. As part of the MOU, the county agreed to become a contractor of the state, with the ultimate goal of assisting in the 87 establishment of timber sales on federal land. Program contracts are established with the state on an annual basis and subject to a mutually agreed upon scope of work. The Department will continue to work with the state on the development of annual GNA program contracts. The scope of work defines the level of involvement the Department is willing to provide, outlines general goals and expected accomplishments and establishes an estimated budget. All salary, fringe, supplies, services and overhead costs, contributed by the county as per the GNA program contract, are reimbursed by the state. All work provided by Department staff related to GNA will come as overtime, as the Department has no time to spare during normal business hours. The scope of work is subject to annual revisions and Department involvement will be highly dependent on opportunities located within the Washburn Ranger District. Table 7a describes the total levels of GNA activity since 2016 (the figures for 2023 and 2024 are estimates): In 2024, goals for the GNA program include, but are not limited to: • It is estimated that the Department will allocate another 300 to 500 hours of time towards prescription development, timber sale establishment and timber sale administration on the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest located within the Washburn Ranger District. Work would be accomplished on stands of red pine and including prescription development, timber sale establishment and administration. o As per December 2023, a total of 5 new stands of red pine, covering 298 acres is anticipated for 2024. A new contract (FY24/25) will be adopted in July 2024 and will include additional work. ▪ For 2024, the total volume of GNA work is expected to include: red pine Table 7a: Summary of GNA Activities 2016 2016/17 15 381 326 $21,033.35 $0.00 2017 2017/18 20 675 358 $23,960.56 $39,627.93 2018 2018/19 17 889 365 $24,164.40 $9,393.10 2019 3 2019/20 52 1,685 490 $38,548.18 $41,515.62 2020 2020/21 17 520 410 $30,267.16 $43,284.28 2021 2021/22 16 478 251 $18,538.86 $32,014.38 2022 2022/23 7 357 250 $15,934.81 $20,279.85 2023 2023/24 5 298 350 $23,358.74 $15,047.61 2024 2024/25 6 325 300 $17,601.00 $18,000.00 155 5,608 3,100 $213,407.06 $219,162.77 15 552 327 $23,711.90 $24,351.42 1 Total work assigned per calendar year per GNA contract. 2 A portion of the revenues are generally received the year after work has been completed. 3 Of the total stands/acres, 17 stands and 634 acres were prescription writing only. Average Expenses Revenues 2 Total Calendar Year Fiscal Year No. of Stands 1 Total Acres 1 Total Hours 88 remaining from the 2023 contract; the new red pine stands for 2024; timber sale administration of sales currently under contract; potential reconnaissance and/or prescription writing, if available. o As per the program contract, all wages, fringe, equipment use, materials purchased (i.e. marking paint) and overhead would be reimbursed by the DNR. All work allocated by Department staff on anything related to GNA will occur after hours and will not be accomplished as part of the normal 40 hour work week (whenever possible). As a result, all wages would be compensated as overtime (and totally dependent upon interest from Department staff), which would be identified and reimbursed as such under any GNA program contract signed with the DNR. PARKS The management of all Bayfield County parks and campgrounds was assigned to the Forestry Department in September 2010. The four parks and campgrounds include: 1. Twin Bear Campground 2. Delta Lake Campground 3. Big Rock Campground 4. Atkins Lake Park Since 2010, numerous changes and upgrades have been made to many of the campgrounds. Some of the more significant improvements include: 1. Twin Bear Campground a. Complete electrical rebuild and upgrade throughout entire campground. b. Repair of all major outbuildings and cabin. c. New fishing pier near the beach area. d. New ADA ramp construction near beach area. e. Creation of new tent camping site. f. Re-establishment of sand beach. g. Re-establishment of the parking area near the beach, including the installation of a french drain to better control runoff. h. New stairs that connect to the fishing pier near the beach area. i. New individual gas water heaters for each of the three showers. j. New playground equipment near the beach area. k. Re-surfacing of walking path near Puig’s Point. l. New wireless high speed internet access throughout the entire campground. i. The wireless was upgraded in 2022. m. New locks/keysets on all outbuildings (all keyed the same). n. Added canoe and kayak rentals (though temporarily discontinued in 2017). o. New seasonal mooring dock. p. New transient mooring dock located near the seasonal docks. q. New dock at Puig’s Point. r. New overflow parking area located near the dump station. s. Installed new fencing and gravel pad next to the garage (for outdoor storage). 89 t. Expanded parking area near lower pumphouse. u. Installed new well pump in lower well (near boat launch). v. Expanded parking area near the dump station. w. Repaired ponding issue in front of the cabin. x. Powered vents added to shower buildings to improve air circulation. y. Repaired storm damage to the roof of the shower building. Installed metal roofing (and powered vents, as stated above). z. Re-stained the cabin. aa. Constructed an overflow parking area east of Hart Lake Road. bb. Installed a new entrance sign, located on County Highway H and installed a large campground sign adjacent to the cabin. Also installed numerous new signs throughout the campground. cc. Installed new retaining walls on sites 20 and 21. Also re-graded those sites. dd. Installed a new waterline and spigots to sites 20 – 25. 2. Delta Lake Campground a. Complete re-grade on nearly all existing campsites. b. New playground equipment near beach area. c. Two new fishing piers. d. Repair of all major outbuildings. e. New electric added to remaining campsites. f. New wireless high speed internet access throughout the entire campground. i. The Wireless was upgraded in 2022. g. Installation of new mooring dock and small picnic area. h. Modifications to the ADA ramp/path. i. New locks/keysets on all outbuildings (all keyed the same). j. Added canoe and kayak rentals (though temporarily discontinued in 2017). k. Repair of walking path near the playground. l. Repair of beach area. m. Installed a new storage shed. n. Added two parking spots up the hill near the boat launch. o. Installed several signs throughout the campground. p. Removed many stumps that were within campsites. This will facilitate mowing and is a general improvement to the sites. q. Reestablished the sand beach. 3. Atkins Lake Park a. New boat launch ramp installed in 2017. b. New entrance sign installed in 2019. All parks and campgrounds undergo routine cleanup of brush and downed trees on a regular basis. Parks and campgrounds are also regularly inspected for hazard trees and branches, which are removed as needed. The removal of hazard trees or branches typically occurs when camping is inactive, usually in the late fall or early spring. Most of the trees are cut up and left on site to be used as firewood. Every year, there will be some removal of hazard trees and/or branches. 90 In addition, a renewal of the campground manager contract was negotiated. The contract will run for a term of five years and expires in 2028. Some anticipated projects or minor repairs needed to the parks and campgrounds in 2024 include: 1. Twin Bear Campground a. Consider the replacement of some of the older docks throughout the campground. Also potentially re-configuring the placement of the various mooring docks, to more efficiently capture that space. b. Assess potential of expanding the boat launch dock. c. Continue replacing the failing retaining walls throughout the campground. It is anticipated that at least three will be replaced in the spring of 2024, along with some low walls being removed and replaced with short slopes. d. Replace one or possibly two failing doors on the shower building. e. Re-grade on a few existing campsites and road surfaces. f. Explore the need to add gutters on the cabin store to divert water away from the entrance to the building. g. Consider expansion of electricity to sites 41-43. h. Explore the potential for two new tent campsites on the hill behind shower building. Clear area and remove hazard trees. Develop as time and funding allows. i. Assess condition of concrete structures. Some units have walls that are starting to separate. Address as time and budgets allow. j. Assist campground manager in some routine maintenance of the grounds, as time and funding allow. k. Continue routine replacement of numerous old picnic tables, as needed. l. Inventory and replace older fire rings. As budgets allow. m. Consider installing another boat launch concrete pad to address the constant power loading issues. n. Draft and implement a management plan for the property, including vegetation management (i.e. trees, brush, weeds and invasive species control) and an inventory of all infrastructures. This will include a maintenance and replacement plan for all infrastructure. o. Continue monitoring existing infrastructure, repair as needed and as budgets allow. p. Power wash and potentially treat the wooden boardwalk to the play area. 2. Delta Lake Campground a. Install new rules and regulations sign located at the entrance to the campground. b. Consider replacing the entrance sign, currently located adjacent to Scenic Drive. Replace as funding allows. c. Consider potential fishing dock on the west side of the play area. d. Replace the roofs on the bathroom buildings. Materials were purchased in 2023. e. Evaluate the condition of all primitive toilets in the campground. Replace as necessary and as budgets allow. f. Explore the potential for tent camping on county owned island. 91 g. Re-grade a few existing campsites and road surfaces. h. Assess potential to improve ventilation in the shower building. Mold and mildew buildup are constant issues and current overhead venting may be inadequate. Proceed as funding allows. i. Continue routine replacement of old picnic tables, as needed. j. Assess condition of concrete structures. Some units have walls that are starting to separate. Address as time and budgets allow. k. Consider installation of additional water spigots. l. Inventory and replace older fire rings. As budgets allow. m. Draft and implement a management plan for the property, including vegetation management (i.e. trees, brush, weeds and invasive species control) and an inventory of all infrastructures. This will include a maintenance and replacement plan for all infrastructure. n. Consider installing another boat launch concrete pad to address the constant power loading issues. o. Continue monitoring existing infrastructure, repair as needed and as budgets allow. 3. Big Rock Campground Some repairs to existing campsites and regrading of the access roads and parking lot occurred in 2018 and 2019. Some of the priorities for 2024 will include: a. A new entrance sign was installed in 2019. A new kiosk was installed in 2020. A new rules and regulation sign will be installed in 2024. b. Consider installing infrastructure to provide electricity to sites adjacent to the river. c. Additional minor repairs on portions of the access roads and the primary parking lot may still be necessary. d. Minor repairs to sections of the primary access trails to the river. Some portions may require relocation. These are old fisherman trails that were established by use, over a long period of time. Many are currently unsustainable and in need of maintenance. Pursue as time and funding allows. e. Continue to explore the potential for rec trail development within the 40 acre county owned parcel. Pursue as funding allows. Also collaborate with the DNR regarding the potential to extend rec trails onto adjacent state owned properties. f. Replacement of numerous picnic tables and fire rings, if necessary. g. Repair and/or replacement of many campsite markers. h. Draft and implement a management plan for the property, including vegetation management (i.e. trees, brush, weeds and invasive species control) and an inventory of all infrastructures. This will include a maintenance and replacement plan for all infrastructure. i. Continue to collaborate with the DNR on the development of a long term use agreement regarding the strip of state owned land on the eastern most portion of the property. j. Replace/add fire extinguisher. k. Possible replacement of a door on one of the bathrooms. l. Assess condition of trees within the campground. Trim or remove potentially hazardous trees as time and budgets allow. 92 m. Replace or repair the existing sign located at the corner of Highway C and Big Rock Rd. 4. Atkins Lake Park a. Brush encroaching trees and vegetation along primary access road into the park. b. Draft and implement a management plan for the property, including vegetation management (i.e. trees, brush, weeds and invasive species control) and an inventory of all infrastructures. This will include a maintenance and replacement plan for all infrastructure. c. Install new rules and regulations sign. d. Assess condition of concrete structures. Some units have walls that are starting to separate. Address as time and budgets allow. e. Consider re-establishing the old swimming beach near the picnic area. In addition to all of the items listed above, the Department will continue to access alternative forms of payment. Starting in 2022, credit cards were accepted through Govpay and is primarily directed towards Twin Bear and Delta Lake campgrounds. Though the credit card option can be used to pay for other items, like permit fees. This option will again be offered in 2024. Swenson Forest Preserve (Siskiwit Falls) In 2018, with much assistance from the Bayfield Regional Conservancy (now Landmark Conservancy), Bayfield County acquired roughly 101 acres of land in the Town of Bell, adjacent to the Siskiwit River. The property was purchased with a NOAA CELCP grant (administered by Wisconsin Coastal Management) and matching funds from donations and landowner bargain sales (all secured by the Conservancy). Bayfield County ultimately agreed to accept ownership of the property (the Siskiwit River Estuary Protection project, as titled in the grant) for primarily two reasons: 1) in recognition of the unique and exceptional natural resource values contained throughout the parcels, including numerous waterfalls on the Siskiwit River, as well as ecologically significant forests and wetlands, and agreed that these values should be protected and conserved; and 2) in recognition of the current public use values and future potential of the property, as individuals and families have enjoyed recreating on these parcels for generations. As part of the acquisition, the county also agreed to receive and administer the NOAA CELCP grant. The overall goal of the grant was to provide permanent protection and conservation of the ecological, recreational, historical and aesthetic resources of this unique site. By accepting these funds, the county was mandated, by the terms of the grant, to manage the property in a manner that will preserve the qualities of these values. In addition, eventually a conservation easement with the Conservancy will be recorded on this property. This easement will further require the county to ensure the protection and conservation of these various important resources. The entire property was re-zoned to W Conservancy in 2018. Some of the primary goals accomplished from 2019-2023 include: • Primary Parking Lot Development. Located on the east side of the river. This area will serve as the primary trail head/entry to the property. 93 • Secondary Parking Lot Development. Located on the west side of the river. This area is intended to serve as the primary access point to the falls located across the road. Having two parking areas should reduce the amount of foot traffic on Siskiwit Falls Road. • Existing Hiking Trail Improvement. In 2019, the Department was award two grants to assist in various improvements to the area (see below for more info on the grants). In 2020, most of the trail improvement work was completed. Some of the trail work accomplished in 2020 included: widening and armoring (adding gravel) to the existing tread; removing hazard trees; brushing the trail corridor; creating a new switchback on the northern most end of the trail; adding steps near the Town Road; and installing a short boardwalk on a wetter portion of the trail. In addition, a few signs/markers were also installed. In 2021, the elevated boardwalk was installed. • Kiosk and Informational Signs. In 2021, a celebration event, hosted by Landmark Conservancy, was held on the property, primarily to recognize and thank everyone who contributed to the project. A primary kiosk, with informational signs, were installed prior to the event. The entrance sign was installed in 2023 at the entry point to the primary parking area on the east side of the river. • New hiking trail development on the west side of the river off the secondary parking area (2022 and 2023), which included new tread, boardwalk and natural brownstone steps. • New hiking trail development within the forested area and old apple orchard east of the river (2022 and 2023). • Installation of bird and bat houses on the east side of the river, primarily along the old field and primary parking area (2022). • Recreational Use Agreement with Bayfield Nordic to maintain trails on the eastern portion of the property for cross-country skiing. Some of the primary goals for 2024 include: 1. Finish Hiking Trail Improvements. a. West side of the river. This will include a continuation of improvements to the newly constructed trail tread, as well as river trail and series of nested loops. i. Most of this will involve work accomplished internally and with the assistance of local clubs (CTC and BATS). ii. Will also involve the removal of scattered old scrap metal left behind from the previous landowner. b. East side of river. Continue improvements to the hiking trail located east and north of the old field. Improvements will include some additional tread work, informational signs and collaboration with a local club for grooming. c. A small stub trail exists on the south side of Siskiwit Falls Road and provides direct access to the southern portion of the river. Little improvement is needed on the stub trail. The goal is to angle the crosswalk from the secondary parking area towards a primary point of access to this portion of the river. However, if some improvement to this stub trail is required and if funds still remain from the previously awarded grants, the Department may complete additional repairs in 2024. 2. Signage. a. Type(s): Some signs were installed in 2020. The primary informational sign and kiosk was installed in 2021; the primary property sign and directional signs (on Highway C) were installed in 2023. 94 i. Potential sign work in 2024 may include: a similar (albeit smaller) informational sign and map at the secondary parking area; updated maps throughout; additional rules and regulations signs, if needed, at the primarily and/or secondary parking areas; markers along the trails; and markers indicating private property, if needed. Continue working with the Town of Bell to determine if additional signs are needed along the town road. 3. Work Plan. a. Finalize updates to the current work plan for the property, that include all of the existing features added since initial acquisition, including the a refresh of short and long term goals and objectives, as well as a schedule for maintenance and replacement. A basic plan was developed as part of the initial process, but still needs some fine tuning. i. The conservation easement with Landmark Conservancy was completed in 2022. Collaboration with Landmark will be an annual and long-term responsibility. 4. Additional Work. a. Invasive Species Control: work will continue in each of the next few years to reduce existing populations of buckthorn and honeysuckle. The property will be routinely monitored for invasives and treated as necessary. b. Hay Field – Prairie Restoration: continue collaboration with the DNR regarding restoring the old hay field to a native prairie. This will include prescribed burning, additional mechanical site prep (if needed), seeding (with a native pollinator seed mix) and long-term site maintenance. The Department will continue to collaborate with Landmark Conservancy and the DNR regarding viable management options for the old field. Maintaining the mowed walking path through this portion of the property will also be a priority. The Department has secured a County Conservation aid grant which will help offset some of the costs associated with the restoration process. i. In late 2020, a hiking trail (meadow loop) was established through the old field. The Town of Bell has agreed to continue mowing this loop trail throughout the summer months and has continued through 2023. Maintaining the prairie loop will also continue in 2024 and this loop would also be included in the proposed cross-country ski trail. c. Additional Trails: Once the upgrades to the west and east trails are completed, use of the property will be monitored to determine if additional trails are necessary. If so, the county will explore options in collaboration with Landmark Conservancy. If additional trails are considered, the target area will likely be on the west side of the river, north of the parking area. A trail connection into town has also been discussed and could also be an option. If a trail into Cornucopia is considered, the Town of Bell will be part of the process. d. Additional Parking Areas/Trail Heads: currently, no new parking areas or property access areas are being considered. This includes access off Elm St. While the public has the right to recreate on the property from Elm St., the county currently has no plans to develop or promote access from this location. i. If portions of the old orchards are re-established, a small parking area may be necessary on the eastern most portion of the property. e. Bathrooms and Trash Bins: In 2022, a concrete vault toilet was installed near the primary parking area on the east side of the river. Routine maintenance of the privy 95 will now be a regular workload. Currently, there are no plans to install garbage bins on the property. The property will continue to be managed on a pack out what you pack in basis. The property will be monitored on a routine and regular basis. Garbage bins may be considered if deemed necessary by the county. f. Apple Orchard: an overgrown apple orchard exists in the eastern most portion of the property (along the eastern border with Siskiwit Falls Road). In 2021, two small areas were re-opened by the county (with assistance from the Highway Department). A brushmower/mulcher was used to remove all encroaching vegetation and provide access to approximately 1 acre of orchard (each roughly ½ acre in size). The Department is currently in conversations with the Town of Bell, CTC and BATS regarding the restoration of the apple trees in this recently re-opened area. Assessing the condition of the apple trees (including varieties), as well as preliminary maintenance (trimming) is expected to occur in winter 2024. Assistance from the Highway Department is also an option. Establishing a longer term management plan for the apple trees, which could include the establishment of a community orchard or something similar will be considered in 2024, as time and budgets allow. g. Additional Infrastructure: the potential also exists to construct a pavilion or similar structure on the property. This option is also not a high priority, but will continue to be considered as a potential future project. h. Demonstration Garden. The Department is currently in discussions with Wild Ones – Chequamegon Bay Chapter regarding the potential development and maintenance of a small native plant garden. The potential garden would be located on the east side of the river, between the parking area and the kiosk. The garden would feature a variety of native plant species with signs/descriptions and would be maintained via an agreement with Wild Ones. i. Bird and Bat Houses: the Siskiwit property is home to a variety of valuable habitats, including fields (meadows), river corridors, wetlands and upland forest. These habitats have the potential to support a diversity of wildlife species. The meadow area provides an excellent opportunity for the installation of a combination of smaller bird nesting boxes (bluebirds, tree swallows) and a few larger ones (for kestrels and potentially owls). The area also provides good potential for the installation of numerous bat houses. In late 2021, the Department reached out to the Chequamegon Audubon Society for help. Both in recommendations for the type and number of boxes, as well as help with construction, installation and maintenance. They responded with a resounded yes and confirmed their desire to help with this project. i. In 2024, we will continue a partnership with Chequamegon Audubon on the monitoring and maintenance of the bird and bat houses (currently roughly six bat houses and around one dozen bird houses). j. Property Maintenance: starting in 2020, the Department has been working with the Town of Bell regarding mowing of the grounds and plowing the eastern most (primary) parking lot in the winter. Also includes mowing the hiking trail through the old field. That relationship will continue in 2024. Fire Hill Preserve In October 2018, the Department once again partnered with Landmark Conservancy on another potential land acquisition project. The Fire Hill Preserve Project is located in the Town of Bayfield 96 and contains approximately 104 contiguous acres of forested land. To purchase the property, the Conservancy and Department collaborated on the development and submission of a Wisconsin Coastal Management land acquisition grant application (Landmark also submitted a Stewardship grant application). In early 2020, ownership of the Fire Hill property was conveyed by Landmark Conservancy to Bayfield County. In general, the property will be managed as part of the county parks program. Most likely as a day use facility, with excellent potential for low-impact, non-motorized recreational opportunities. The property is extensive, is located in an area that is frequented by a lot of people (situated in the middle of orchard/berry farm country within the Bayfield Peninsula) and contains an excellent existing road network for primary accessibility. New non-motorized trail development and other forms of compatible recreation will be considered as part of plan development. If recreational trail construction or other forms of enhancement are determined to be a priority, the Department will also pursue additional funding sources to assist in the development of the property, as time and budgets allow. With paved primary access through the heart of the property, including direct access to power, there are numerous options to explore. In 2023, the Department began the process of collecting baseline forest inventory data, as well as information on the existing infrastructure, within the property. Data will be summarized in early 2024 to kickstart the workplan development process. Some of the primary goals for 2024 include: 1. Signs. a. Entrance Sign. A primary entrance sign was purchased in 2022 and will be installed in 2024. The property will be called Fire Hill Forest Preserve. This primary sign will be installed somewhere near the entrance into the property. b. Other Signs. Other signs indicating parking areas, property boundaries and providing general information will also be considered in 2024. i. A primary kiosk and informational sign(s) will be considered in 2024. 2. Work Plan. a. Finalize a work plan for the property including the development of short and long term goals and objectives, as well as a schedule for maintenance. As part of the work plan, rules and regulations for the property should also be established. i. Workplan development will involve collaborations with BATS, the Town of Bayfield and the general public. ii. It will also be important to engage with the Town of Bayfield and adjacent landowners regarding the maintenance of the primary road (off the end of the town road) leading into the property, especially with regards to winter maintenance (i.e. plowing). 1. In late 2023, the Highway Department completed some initial brushing along the paved portions of the primary access road within the property. Some additional routine maintenance of the road may be required in 2024, which could include the portions of the paved from between the property and Fire Tower Rd (which is a town road). 3. Trail/Recreational Development. 97 a. As part of workplan development, the process will include an assessment of the recreational potential of the property, including the development of recreational opportunities. At a minimum, the development of non-motorized hiking trail networks will be considered. i. Yurts, rustic camping and mountain biking are not activities that are supported by the grant sources used to acquire the property. If these recreational activities are determined to be a priority, the various grantors that awarded funds for this project will also need to review and approve. b. Depending on workloads and available resources, it may be necessary to engage with third parties to help develop the workplan and/or specific recreational opportunities for the property. 4. Additional Work. a. Parking Area. One of the first goals will be to identify a primary parking area. Establishment of the parking area may be accomplished internally, with assistance of the Highway Department and/or via a third party, all as time and budgets allow. i. Assess the potential for additional parking areas, as necessary. b. Develop a hazard tree inventory and management schedule. Brownstone Trail In 2023, Bayfield County and Landmark Conservancy established an MOU regarding the ownership, management and repairs/improvements to a section of the Brownstone Trail in the Town of Bayfield (just outside the City of Bayfield). Ownership involves roughly 4 acres of land and would include restoration of the property (currently used as a place of business) and Brownstone Trail. Restoration work would include addressing bank erosion, creating a public trailhead, fostering native habitat and transforming the upslope area into a community park. As part of the MOU, Landmark Conservancy would provide the county with technical assistance to address all of the restoration work. The restoration work is estimated to cost over $2.0 million. As such, grants, donations and similar funding sources will be pursued. Landmark Conservancy will also play a lead role in securing all of the funding needed to complete the restoration, as well as overseeing all of the work. Once all of the restoration work is complete, Bayfield County will play a lead role in the long-term management of the property. Some grant funding was secured in 2023. Most of the anticipated work in 2024 will revolve around applying for grants and securing the remaining funds. Landmark Conservancy will continue to play a lead role on all grant applications. Numerous unknown issues or projects will undoubtedly surface throughout 2024, as we become more familiar with the property. All unknown issues will be addressed based on significance and/or importance, as time and budgets allow. As previously stated, in 2024, a primary goal for most parks and recreational properties will be the development of short/long term comprehensive management plans. Among other things, the plans would summarize each park, while fleshing out short and long term goals, visioning, objectives, priorities, maintenance and replacement schedules. 98 MOTORIZED TRAILS AND RECREATION (Emphasis on State Funded Trails) The management of county recreational trails was assigned to the Forestry and Parks Department in July 2013. Primarily, this involves the management/oversight of all state funded motorized trails located on county and private land (also groom snowmobile trails on federal land). To help accomplish this task, Bayfield County maintains agreements with the Bayfield County Snowmobile Alliance and local ATV clubs (and USFS). Table 8 displays the total miles and annual maintenance funds received from the State of Wisconsin per trail type: In addition to the routine maintenance performed on these trails by the Alliance and local clubs, below is a listing of anticipated Trails projects or issues that may be addressed in 2024: 1. Continue to pursue the creation of a recreational trail development and maintenance strategy, with an emphasis on identifying critical connections and areas for new construction or enhancement. This may require input from existing partners and user groups, as well as the general public. Pursue as time allows. 2. Bridges. a. Pursue the installation of a new bridge, or improvements to the existing bridge, on Trail 31S. The trail was moved to avoid a traditionally difficult stream crossing. The new crossing is easier to approach and maintain. i. This includes an assessment of the crossing for timber access. As this crossing is also the primary access point into thousands of acres of county forest lands and the current timber bridge supports logging trucks. b. Continue to evaluate the trail along Highway 13 to the casino in Red Cliff. c. Continue to work with the DOT regarding plans to upgrade the existing Highway 63 bridge at 20-mile creek. Plans could include the development of a dedicated snowmobile lane on the new highway bridge, which would eliminate the need for the existing crossing (box culverts). DOT isn’t planning to replace the existing highway bridge for another 3-4 years, but planning will begin in 2023/2024. d. Assess the potential for a stand alone snowmobile bridge over Bono Creek (next to the existing vehicle bridge on Highway 13). e. All bridges or similar crossing will require an application to the DNR for funding. f. Establish an inventory and maintenance/monitoring schedule for all existing bridges under the jurisdiction of the county. This will likely involve developing a relationship with an engineer or similar organization certified to inspect bridges. g. Continue developing potential repair plans to the railroad trestle bridge on the snowmobile trail 63 outside of Grand View. The goal of the temporary repair was to Table 8: Mileage and Funding For Trails Managed by Bayfield County Trail Type Miles Rate/Mile Total Snowmobile 462.50 $300 $138,750 ATV Summer 66.00 $600 $39,600 ATV Winter 173.70 $200 $34,740 UTV Summer 66.00 $400 $26,400 Total 768.20 $239,490 99 stop further erosion and stabilize the structure. Future repairs would include determining ownership, developing engineered repair plans, and securing grant funds. 3. Continue to re-establish roles and responsibilities and foster relationships with the BCSA, snowmobile clubs and ATV clubs. 4. Update contracts with the BCSA and other motorized clubs, as necessary. 5. Continue to address landowner disputes and/or concerns regarding land ownership and/or trail location, on a case by case basis. 6. Continue to work, along with the County Tourism Department, on building a supportive network of local chambers, business owners and community members that will help in the financial and/or logistical support of the Bayfield County trail networks 7. Continue the maintenance of a database identifying each club and officers, as well as location and mileage maintained for snowmobile and ATV trails. 8. Develop and maintain a database identifying the location and condition of all bridges, culverts, gates and outbuildings on snowmobile and ATV trails. 9. Creating a maintenance/inspection schedule for #8. 10. Develop and maintain a database for all existing permits or easements that allow snowmobile and ATV trails to occur on private land. 11. Develop and maintain a database that categorizes the importance of each trail to the overall network/community i.e. high, medium, low. The database would help ascertain the importance of future repair work. For example, a major repair on a trail designated as low importance might not be a high priority. 12. Combine #’s 10 and 11 to help determine where to better focus obtaining future easements or access permits. 13. Continue to pursue the concept of compensation to private landowners who allow recreational trails on their land. 14. Continue to maintain trail counters at strategic locations throughout both networks (ATV and snowmobile) in an attempt to gain a better of how each system is used (quantify use). Understanding the level of use will provide a wealth of information for both short and long term planning efforts. a. Counter were first installed as part of the 2022/2023 season. Clubs will be consulted to determine best placement. 15. Develop a process for routine and regular motorized trail inspections (ATV and snowmobile). The inspection should include the condition of trails, signs, and associated infrastructure, as well as identify areas of concern and recommendations for improvement. a. An inventory of existing infrastructure will be included as part of the routine inspections. Update the GIS database as necessary. b. Collecting GPS tracks will also be part of the process to establish/confirm current mileage and establish a baseline. Corrections, if necessary, will be made to the GIS database. 16. Assess Trail 31, the portion on county forest land, for potential application of a DNR snowmobile trail rehabilitation grant. Much of the trail is very wet and in need rehab, including, but not limited to: beaver mitigation, trail surface improvements, potential trail widening and/or reestablishment in sections, water management, and treatment of encroaching brush. Proceed as need and funding allows. 17. Continue to work with Clubs when the need for temporary or permanent re-routes arise. These generally occur without prior notice and typically require relative quick action. As a result, they are addressed on a case by case basis, as resources allow. 100 18. Continue working with the Bayfield Chamber, Alliance and local snowmobile club regarding the re-establishment of the snowmobile trail into the City of Bayfield. 19. Continue coordination with the Snowmobile Alliance and DNR on the implementation of the newly established Snowmobile Electronic Reports System (SNARS), recently developed by the state. 20. Collaborate with the USFS regarding a re-route of the Wildcat Trail South snowmobile trail. This re-route has been fully funded with DNR snowmobile trail aids and is expected to be completed in 2024. 21. Will continue working with the USFS on a re-route of the existing snowmobile and ATV trail (the Wally Polk trail) that utilizes a portion of FR 447 (near Lenawee Rd). Pursue upgrading the designation of the recently constructed road from temporary to permanent. Doing so would re-establish the snowmobile trail and improve the potential to also restore the ATV trail. 22. Compile a list of beaver dam issues impacting trail infrastructure. Coordinate with local trappers and/or the USDA APHIS Animal Control Services to remove the problem animals and destroy associated dam structures. 23. Consider additional ATV trail developments, especially in areas lacking such designations (e.g. Bayfield Peninsula). Pursue as time and budgets allow. The above listed items are known issues or projects that need attention in 2024. All or most of the projects that will require significant repair work or new construction/installation will be submitted to the State for potential funding. All unknown issues, not already listed in the workplan, will be addressed based on significance and/or importance, as time and budgets allow. Meet the Staff The information listed above describes the general Departmental goals and objectives for CY 2024. Below is a brief background history of Department and DNR staff employed to accomplish those goals. Administrator: Jason Bodine. a. Experience: Forester with Bayfield County from 2000 to 2009. Administrator since 2009. b. Highest Level of Education: Master of Science in Forestry from Michigan Technological University. c. Primary Role: administers and manages all aspects of the forestry, parks and recreation programs. Directs day to day operations and all planning efforts. Supervises all employees working within the Department. Assistant Administrator: Steve Probst. a. Experience: Forester with Bayfield County from 1999 to 2000. Assistant Administrator since 2000. b. Highest Level of Education: Bachelor of Science in Forest Management from UW Stevens Point. c. Primary Role: assist the administrator in all facets of the forest management program. Provides lead field role in all aspects of timber sale administration. 101 Forester: Mike Amman. a. Experience: Forester with Bayfield County since 2003. b. Highest Level of Education: Bachelor of Science in Natural Resources from UW Madison. c. Primary Role(s): timber sale establishment, forest reconnaissance, reforestation and regeneration monitoring and database management (GIS and WisFIRS). Assist in other aspects of the forest management program. Forester: Andrew O’Krueg. a. Experience: Forester with Bayfield County since 2010. b. Highest Level of Education: Bachelor of Science in Forest Management from UW Stevens Point. c. Primary Roles(s): timber sale establishment, forest reconnaissance, reforestation and regeneration monitoring and database management (GIS and WisFIRS). Assist in other aspects of the forest management program. Forester: Jeremiah Neitzel. a. Experience: Forester with Bayfield County since 2011. b. Highest Level of Education: Bachelor of Science in Forest Management from UW Stevens Point. c. Primary Roles(s): timber sale establishment, forest reconnaissance, reforestation and regeneration monitoring and database management (GIS and WisFIRS). Assist in other aspects of the forest management program. Forester: Caleb Brown. a. Experience: Forester with Bayfield County since 2018. b. Highest Level of Education: Master of Science in Forest Biology from Purdue University. c. Primary Role(s): timber sale establishment, forest reconnaissance, reforestation and regeneration monitoring and database management (GIS and WisFIRS). Assist in other aspects of the forest management program. Inventory and Analysis Forester: Jason Holmes. a. Experience: Forester with Bayfield County from 2012 to 2018; Inventory and Analysis Forester since 2018. b. Highest Level of Education: Master of Science in Forestry from Michigan Technological University. c. Primary Roles(s): develop and manage the CFI and FRM programs, including data analysis and reporting; provide a lead role in the management of the access management program; play a lead role in the management of various GIS databases; assist in other field forestry related tasks including timber sale establishment, inventory, and reforestation. Recreation Specialist: Lindley Mattson. a. Experience: Recreation Specialist with the Forestry and Parks Department starting in 2022; Office manager with the Forestry and Parks Department from 2019-2022. b. Highest Level of Education: Bachelor of Science in Business Management from UW River Falls. c. Primary Roles(s): assist in the management of state funded ATV and snowmobile programs, all recreation related activities on county forest lands, including all designated non-motorized trails and yurts, and county owned campgrounds and day use parks. 102 Office Manager: Deanna Regan. a. Experience: Office Manager with the Department since 2023. b. Highest Level of Education: Bachelor of Science in Chemistry from the University of Michigan. c. Primary Role(s): maintains accounts receivable and payable, prepares vouchers for all expenditures, manages all accounts and paperwork associated with the timber sale program, manages and prepares all financial records, statements and reports, provides customer service. Forest Technician: John Mesko. a. Experience: Forest Technician with Bayfield County since 2001. b. Highest Level of Education: employed in the general field of forest management for over 40 years. c. Primary Roles(s): heavy equipment operation, road and trail maintenance, repair and construction, parks maintenance, assist in the timber sale program, assist in the reforestation program. WDNR – County Forest Liaison Forester: Joseph LeBouton. a. Experience: WDNR - County Forest Liaison Forester since 2011. b. Highest Level of Education: PhD candidate in the Department of Forestry at Michigan State University for five years where he studied links between forest landscape composition, white-tailed deer densities and northern hardwood forests. c. Primary Roles(s): coordinating the DNR’s contribution to Bayfield County Forest management activities. The DNR provides the county with enough forest management assistance annually to set up 25% of the sustainable harvest, perform roughly 50% of the required forest reconnaissance updates, as well as contribute to road maintenance, forest improvement activities, prescribed fire, and wildlife habitat improvement projects. Submitted by Jason Bodine, Forestry & Parks Administrator, December 31, 2023. 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